Respiratory

Question 1

what is the role of alveolar macrophage

Answer 1

• rumba vacuum
• job to take away any bacteria or viruses
• found in respiratory zone

Question 2

what is the blood gas barrier

Answer 2

separates blood pulmonary capillaries surrounding alveoli with air around inside alveoli

Question 3

how to calculate pulmonary ventilation

Answer 3

tidal volume x respiratory rate

(volume of one breath x number of breaths per minute)

Question 4

intrapulmonary pressure vs intrapleural space

Answer 4

intrapulmonary pressure- pressure in lungs

intrapelural space- fluid filled space

Question 5

partial pleura membrane vs visceral pleura membrane

Answer 5

partial pleura membrane
- thin layer plastic bag around lungs

visceral pleura membrane
- directly on lungs
- allows for smooth movement of lungs

Question 6

what’s transpulmonary pressure

Answer 6

intrapulmonary p - intrapleural p = trans pulmonary pressure

• the difference in pressure keeps the lungs from collapsing

Question 7

what happens pneumothorax

Answer 7

hole in visceral pleura
- not sealed

transpulomary pressure becomes zero

– lung collapses

Question 8

bronchial epithelium

Answer 8

found in the conducting zone

• prevent bacteria and viruses from getting into respiratory zone
• bronchial epithelium is lined with cili– move and push the mucus out through the mouth

Question 8

what’s the difference between type one and type two cells

Answer 8

type one cells-
responsible for gas exchange

type two cells-
have pulmonary surfactant
- thicker

Question 9

where is pulmonary surfactant made

Answer 9

type two cells of the alveolar epithelium

• reduces surface tension and prevents lung collapse

Question 10

why do lungs recoil?
what forces increase lung recoil and decrease lung compliance

Answer 10

1. elastic tissue
2. surface tension

Question 11

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS)

Answer 11

• occurs premature infants
• surfactant system not made yet
• makes it hard for the baby to breath, low blood oxygen, lung copllase

treatment
- inject surfactant

Question 12

formula for lung compliance

Answer 12

• change in lung volume divided by change lung pressure

FVC- forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory volume (FEV-1)
= 80% healthy lung

= less than 80% not healthy lung

Question 13

what is it called inhale as hard as you can?

exhale as hard?

Answer 13

inspiratory reserve volume

expiratory reserve volume

Question 14

what is the volume of air always in your lungs

Answer 14

residual volume

Question 15

what are examples of obstructive lung diseases?

restrictive?

Answer 15

asthma
emphysema

restrictive?
- pulmonary fibrosis
- less complaint due to scar tissue

Question 16

what is asthma

Answer 16

airway spasms in smooth muscle

• airway construction– reduces airflow, and narrows airways

HYPERESPONSIVE
- when exposed to stimuli- airway contracts even smaller- reduced airflow

triggers for smooth muscle to contract
– hard to get air in and out

Question 17

what is emphysema

Answer 17

destruction of alveolar walls

• lost of elastin/ reduces elastic coil
• hard to exhale– dont have elastic tissue to force air out
  – air sits in lungs

– less alveoli– worse gas exchange

Question 18

how to calculate particle pressure

Answer 18

percent of atmosphere air x 760mmhg

Question 19

rate of diffusion formula

Answer 19

thickness

– aveloi have huge surface area
– and very thin membranes
– good rate of diffusion

Question 20

what is pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 20

restrictive lung diseases

• less complaint due to scar tissue
• walls thicken of aveloi– makes it hard for gas exchange to occur
• hard to fill up lungs and stretch them

-inhale problem
- can exhale normally

Question 21

what are the two ways oxygen is transported into the blood

Answer 21

1. dissolved in plasma (not a lot of oxygen is carried this way)
2. bound to hemoglobin (bound to “heme” protein) (inside erythrocytes) (98%)

3.

Question 22

what is the structure of hemoglobin and function

Answer 22

• 4 sub units
• four globin chains

transports oxygen
brings co2 back to lungs for removal

Answer 23

• allows hemoglobin to bind efficiently at a range of particle pressures
• make sure able to get adequate oxygen supply
• steep slope- large saturation changes
• important to be able to get more oxygen in critical times such as when you are working out

Question 24

why is co2 dangerous

Answer 24

- binds yo the heme group better than 02 -dont notice it is there try to treat it by oxygen mask-- try override the co2 that is on the heme groups

Question 25

how to maximize simple diffusion

Answer 25

fick law states pressure gradient x surface area ----------------------------------------------- thickness

Question 26

what is dangerous about carbon monoxide

Answer 26

- co bind to heme group better than o2 does

Question 27

how is oxygen transported

Answer 27

1. dissolves in plasma 2. attached to hemoglobin (4 oxygen molecules can bind at a time)

Question 28

what are the two chemoreceptors and what are they sensitive to

Answer 28

peripheral chemoreceptors- aortic arch (heart) - sensitive to pH, PO2, PCO2 central chemoreceptors -in medulla - only sensitive to PH

Question 29

Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 29

- saturated 4 o2 molecules bonded to heme - at rest about 70% saturated, as one O2 molecule goes to tissues - since it is at rest the demand for oxygen is not too big - so the other three O2 remain bonded to heme group and saved for a higher demand

Question 30

what happens the Bohr effect

Answer 30

- while exercising greater demand for oxygen and energy - saturation curve shifts to the right - more steep of the slope - at rest heme is less saturated with oxygen - give more to tissues, because of the higher demand

Question 31

what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

Answer 31

- sensitive to ph, PO2, and PCO2 - arctic arch and carotid body

Question 32

what are the central chemoreceptors sensitive to and what is the goal of them

Answer 32

*** only sensitive to pH - in medulla goal regulate ph - O2 and CO2 can diffuse across the membrane -H cannot get through -CO2- finds water to make bicarbonate - which can regulate pH

Question 33

respiratory acidosis and examples

Answer 33

ph higher than 7.4 causes by pulmonary gas exchange - emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, nRDS, opioid use

Question 34

chemoreceptors role on respiratory acidosis

Answer 34

- chemoreceptors both central (only sensitive to pH) and perhieral (sensitive to PO2, PCO2, PH) - cannot act on this because its a lung issue not a central issue - in normal situations it would fix

Question 35

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 35

- hyperventilation ---- not enough CO2- too much breathing- exhaling too quickly - ph less than 7.4

Question 36

how do you regulate respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 36

A intercalated cells - help get ride of acid - help reverse respiratory acidosis B intercalated cells - help get rid of excess HCO3

Question 37

why is erythrocytes important

Answer 37

erythrocytes- red blood cells low red blood cells- reduced hemoglobin available -- causes less oxygen transport -- low oxygen carrying capacity

Question 38

what are causes of anamia

Answer 38

low production of erythrocytes - improper nutrition - kidney failure - radiation treatment increased loss - bleeding-- prone in female

Question 39

what is erthyropoietin

Answer 39

- peptide hormone - acts on bone marrow -- more protein, the more red blood cells you have - released from kidney - stimulus low PO2- low oxygen- tells kidney to release this protein