Respiratory

Question 1

4 layers of the trachea:

Answer 1

1) mucosa= inner most- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
2) submucosa= loose areolar connective tissue
3) hyaline cartilage= incomplete cartiliage rings
4) adventita- connective tissue outer layer

Question 2

Trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi. These feed into:

Answer 2

the L or R lung

Question 3

as bronchioles get smaller:

Answer 3

epithelium changes

e.g., primary secondary and tertiary bronchi= pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells, large bronchioles= simple ciliated with some goblet cells, smaller bronchioles= simple ciliated with few goblet cells, terminal bronchioles= simple cuboidal

Question 4

As you travel further away from trachea the smooth muscle coverings change from rings to:

Answer 4

plates

Question 5

lungs sit within the:

Answer 5

thoracic cavity

Question 6

the inside of the lungs are lined with:

Answer 6

parietal pleura

Question 7

Alveoli quantity and surface area coverage:

Answer 7

300 million, SA= 70m2

Question 8

The pleural cavity sits within the pleural membranes of the lungs. It is:

Answer 8

serous and lubricating to allow for inflation + deflation

Question 9

conducting zone is AKA as:

Answer 9

respiratory zone

Question 10

In regards to alveoli, what type of cell are present on the inner surface and why?

Answer 10

Macrophages. No cilia or mucous to clean. If there were cilia or mucous, the alveoli would be too thick which would= poor diffusion.

Question 11

Structure of alveoli:

Answer 11

T2 cells: Simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 12

How thick is the alveolar and capillary wall?

Answer 12

0.5um

Question 13

Type 2 cells function and composition:

Answer 13

are septal cells. they secrete alveolar fluid= surfactant= reduce H+ bonds

small, cuboidal, microvilli

Question 14

Pulmonary ventilation follows which law? What is the law? What circumstances are required t breathe in- low or high pressure?

Answer 14

Boyle’s Law. inversely proportional.
- reduce vol= increase pressure
- increase vol= decrease pressure
Breathe in: decrease pressure to allow for increased volume for aspiration

Question 15

What muscle contributes 25% to ventilation?

Answer 15

external intercostals- raise and widen ribs

Question 16

What muscle contributes 75% to ventilation?

Answer 16

The diaphragm- flattens around 1cm during quiet breathing and around 10cm during strenuous breathing

Question 17

Muscles of inhalation:

Answer 17

diaphragm, external intercostals

Question 18

Muscles of exhalation:

Answer 18

internal intercostals, oblique, abdominis

Question 19

what is intrapleural pressure?

Answer 19

the pressure in the pleural cavity

Question 20

which alveoli receive more air: apex, middle or base? Why?

Answer 20

base- due to gravity= more blood flow to lower sections of the lungs

Question 21

What 3 components make up the respiratory zone?

Answer 21

1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts/sacs
3) alveoli

Question 22

V/Q in middle of the lung

Answer 22

1

Question 23

V/Q in apex of lung

Answer 23

2.1 = favours ventilation

Question 24

V/Q in base of lung

Answer 24

0.3 = favours perfussion

Question 25

Classification and description of: Pulmonary Fibrosis

Answer 25

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder - Scarring of lung tissue = reduced compliance - cause: autoimmune disorders , tuberculosis, asbestosis, silicosis

Question 26

Classification and description of: Pulmonary Oedema

Answer 26

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder - congestive heart failure - Left ventricle / AV valve = leaky - causes blood to back-up on Left side of heart due to inability to pump into systemic system - increase pressure in pulmonary blood forces fluid out= increase in alveoli fluid

Question 27

Classification and description of: Asthma

Answer 27

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder - chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes due to allergy - bronchospasm, increased mucous, decreased lumen diameter = airway obstruction

Question 28

Classification and description of: Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 28

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder - similar to asthma, only it is caused by inflammation not an allergy - bronchospasm, increased mucous, decreased lumen diameter = airway obstruction

Question 29

Classification and description of: Emphysema

Answer 29

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder - degrades alveolar wall = large air space = inhiits new O2 rich air from entering lungs= hypoxia

Question 30

In terms if airway modulators, AcH binds to .... and will:

Answer 30

muscarinic, bronchoconstrict

Question 31

In terms if airway modulators, Adrenaline bind to the two receptors ..... and will:

Answer 31

B adrenergic and sympathomimetics, bronchodilate e.g., during asthma attack: a sympathomimetic is albuterol/salmetrol

Question 32

high hydrogen concentration= high or low acidity? high or low pH?

Answer 32

high acidity and low pH. vice versa

Question 33

What pH= homeostasis

Answer 33

7.35-7.45

Question 34

acidosis occurs at what pH? What is the cause + effect of acidosis?

Answer 34

a pH below 7.35 - cause= reduced synaptic transmission - pH below 7= disorientation - adverse scenario= coma or death

Question 35

alkalosis occurs at what pH? What is the cause + effect of alkalosis?

Answer 35

A pH ABOVE 7.45 - cause= overexcitement of CN &PNS - nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions, death

Question 36

hyperventilation removes too much CO2. This will cause respiratory .......

Answer 36

alkalosis

Question 37

reduced ventilation rate will not remove enough CO2. This will cause respiratory.....

Answer 37

acidosis

Question 38

extreme vomiting will cause metabolic.....

Answer 38

alkalosis

Question 39

decreased kidney function will cause a build up of acid / hydrogen ions. This will cause metabolic......

Answer 39

acidosis