Respiratory Flashcards
(57 cards)
where is the site for gas exchange
type 1 alveolar cells
type of cell that produces surfactants that are secreted onto the inner surface of the alveoli
type II alveolar cells
action of surfactant
reduces water surface tension and supports inflation of the lungs
what do elastic fibers do?
they surround alveoli and are stretched during inflation and recoil during expiration; recoil provides a major force for expelling air from the lungs
PNS effect on the lungs
bronchoconstriction mediated by muscarinic cholinergic receptors
SNS effect on the lungs
epinephrine causes vasodilation mediated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors
What is the action of mast cells?
mast cells respond to allergens; they bind with IgE antibodies and mediate type 1 hypersensitivity responses leading to a release of histamines
the action of leukocytes and eosinophils in the lungs
respond to inflammatory challenges–> LOX is released –> activating leukotrienes that bind to leukotriene receptors (LTR) –> bronchoconstriction and edema –> congestion and coughing
What is COPD characterized by?
Chronic inflammation of the airways that eventually results in the destruction of elastic fibers that provide recoil forces needed for expiration
MOA of beractant
MOA is a surfactant preparation administered intratracheally; reduces water surface tension in alveoli and makes inflation of alveoli easier
Therapeutic use for beractant
Can be used for preterm infants and for adults experiencing respiratory distress syndrome; pulmonary infections/edema/near drowning events associated w/ dilution of surfactants along the lining of the alveoli
MOA of alpha-1 anti-proteinases
MOA is “replacement” therapy of an alpha-1 proteinase genetic deficiency disorder; this enzyme normally limits the degree of elastic fiber destruction associated with inflammatory states
therapeutic used for alpha-1 anti-proteinases
Used to treat genetically linked forms of emphysema (COPD) that is associated w/ the absence of anti-elastases in leukocytes
Example of an expectorant
guaifenesin
MOA of expectorants
MOA is mild irritants of bronchial glands, stimulates secretion of water that dilutes mucus and makes it easier to dislodge it from airways
Example of a mucolytic
acetylcysteine
MOA of a mucolytic
breaks disulfide bonds within mucoproteins that are secreted by mucus glands; reduces viscosity of mucus and makes it easier to dislodge from airways – used in Tylenol toxicity
Therapeutic use of mucolytics
Treatment of cystic fibrosis, reduces mucus accumulation
Often very bronchospastic so is typically given with albuterol to help bronchoconstriction
MOA of Cromolyn preparations
a mast cell “stabilizer”; reduces mast cell release of histamine in response to an allergen; reduces mucus secretion and congestion
therapeutic use of cromolyn preparations
Prophylactic treatment of asthma attacks and allergies
Often used for exercise induced asthma
Examples of antihistamines
diphenhydramine and loratadine
MOA of antihistamines
MOA is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist; reduces histamine induced mucus secretion and congestion
therapeutic use of antihistamines
Treatment of acute allergic reactions: rhinitis, urticaria, and conjunctivitis; motion sickness
difference between diphenhydramine and loratadine
Loratadine is a 2nd generation antihistamine that does not pass BBB as readily as 1st generation… reduces CNS depression
