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Anatomy and physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the RS

A

Deliver 02 to the body
Excrete c02 out of the body
Filtration and humidification of air
Acid base balance
Creation of sound
Olfaction

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2
Q

Structures of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Upper portion of trachea

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3
Q

Structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
(Pleural membranes and respiratory muscles)

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4
Q

What does the nose contain

A

Hairs for filtering and olfactory receptors for smell
Nasal conchae that increases surface area
Mucous membranes to moisten air and trap particles
Blood vessels to warm air
Paranasal sinuses to drain cavities

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5
Q

What 3 components are located behind the oral cavity and between nasal cavities and the larynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What is the role of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

To conduct food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

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7
Q

What is the larynx

A

Between the pharynx and trachea
Passage for air
Produces sound
Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing
Contains vocal cords

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8
Q

What do vocal cords in the larynx do

A

Stretch across the upper portion of the larynx
Glottis is the opening between the cords “true” vocal cords produce sound
“False” vocal cords help close the airway during swallowing

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9
Q

What is the Trachea

A

Extends from the larynx into the thoracic cavity
Bifurcates at the ‘carina’ where it splits into bronchi
Conducts air to lungs
Several C shaped cartilaginous rings to support it

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10
Q

What are bronchi

A

Large tubes that are formed from the trachea
Enter the lungs at the hilus
Branch off into secondary and smaller tertiary bronchi

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11
Q

What are upper bronchi supported by?

A

Cartilage

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12
Q

What is the hilus

A

End of the trachea where large tubes are formed that branch off into bronchi

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13
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Smaller bronchi branches
Have no cartilage
No smooth muscle
Regulate flow of air by changing diameter

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14
Q

What are Alveoli

A

Alveolar ducts arise from bronchioles
End in alveolar sacs
Kept open by surfactants
Thin walled and surrounded by capillaries
Responsible for gas exchange

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15
Q

How many lobes are in the lung?

A

2 in the left and 3 in the right

Apex at top
Base at bottom

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16
Q

What are the pleura?

A

2 serous membranes surrounding the lungs
Visceral membranes surround the inner layer of the lungs

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17
Q

What is the parietal membrane of the pleura?

A

The parietal pleura is the outer layer of tissue that lines the inside of the chest wall. It’s part of the pleura, which is a two-layered membrane that protects and cushions the lungs

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18
Q

What is the intrapleural space

A

The fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal pleura that cushions the lungs and contains 25ml of serous fluid

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To facilitate gas exchange, primarily the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

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20
Q

True or False: The diaphragm is a muscle that aids in breathing.

A

True

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The main passageway for air to enter the lungs is called the _____.

A

trachea

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22
Q

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?

A

Alveoli

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23
Q

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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24
Q

What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells?

A

Internal respiration

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25
What is the role of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
To filter, warm, and humidify the air before it enters the lungs.
26
True or False: The left lung has three lobes.
False
27
What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory tract?
To trap and move particles and mucus out of the airways.
28
Which gas is primarily responsible for stimulating breathing?
Carbon dioxide
29
What is the term for the process of breathing in?
Inhalation
30
Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain regulates the respiratory rate? A) Cerebrum B) Medulla Oblongata C) Cerebellum
B) Medulla Oblongata
31
Fill in the blank: The _____ are the main organs of the respiratory system.
lungs
32
What is the primary muscle involved in inhalation?
Diaphragm
33
True or False: Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily dissolved in plasma.
False
34
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
To reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent collapse.
35
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the environment?
External respiration
36
Which structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?
Larynx
37
What is the function of the pleura?
To provide lubrication and reduce friction between the lungs and the chest wall.
38
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a part of the upper respiratory tract? A) Nose B) Pharynx C) Bronchi
C) Bronchi
39
What is the significance of the respiratory membrane?
It is the site where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and blood.
40
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.
epiglottis
41
True or False: The respiratory system has no role in the regulation of blood pH.
False
42
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system's mucous membranes?
To trap pathogens and particles, keeping the airways clear.
43
What structure is responsible for producing sound in the respiratory system?
Larynx
44
Multiple Choice: Which gas do we primarily exhale? A) Nitrogen B) Oxygen C) Carbon Dioxide
C) Carbon Dioxide
45
What is the term for the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?
Tidal volume
46
What happens during expiration
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Thoracic cavity recoils to resting position Thoracic volume decreases Intrapulmonary pressure increases and air rushes out
47
What happens during Inspiration?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract Thoracic volume expands Intrapulmonary pressures drop Atmospheric air rushes in
48
Where are the lungs?
Extend from just above the clavicles to the diaphragm
49
What is ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation)
50
What is respiration?
The exchange of gases into (oxygen) and out of (carbon dioxide) the lungs
51
What is Boyles Law?
The greater the volume, the lower the pressure
52
What are the steps in Exhalation?
The phrenic and intercostal nerves are stimulated The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract Thoracic volume increases Intrapulmonic pressure decreases
53
What are the steps of Inhalation?
The phrenic and intercostal nerves quiet Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax Thoracic volume decreases Intrapulmonic pressure increases
54
What are the mechanisms that control breathing?
Medulla oblongota (house’s respiratory control center) Inspiratory neurons fire to initiate breathing Nerve impulses travel along phrenic nerve to respiratory muscles *Inspiration = contraction of muscles *Expiration = Inspiratory neurons shut down Pons ( houses the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres) which help control the respiratory pattern Hering-Breuer reflex prevents over inflation of the lungs
55
What are the chemicals that control breathing?
H+ C02 02 Central chemoreceptors in the medulla detect changes in plasma H+ and C02 Peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries detect changes in 02 and H+
56
What happens in the exchange of gases?
It occurs in 2 places: 1) lungs 2) tissue level The ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY MEMBRANE
57
What is the alveolar and capillary membrane?
Where the exchange of gases occur (lungs and tissue level) It has 3 features: 1) large surface area 2) thin alveolar and capillary walls 3) close proximity of alveolus and capillary with a short distance between
58
What is diffusion based on?
Differences in partial pressures
59
98% of oxygen is what?
Transported or “bound” to hemoglobin *oxyhemoglobin The other 2% is dissolved in plasma
60
What is 70% of C02 converted to?
HC03 in plasma 20% of C02 combines with hemoglobin *carboxyhemoglobin 10% of C02 is dissolved in plasma
61
What is tissue Perfusion?
Refers to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue the passage of fluid through the circulatory system to an organ or tissue Dependant on a number of factors including blood pressure
62
What is the Tidal Lung Volume?
Volume in the lungs during normal, quiet breathing (500 ml)
63
What is the inspiratory reserve lung volume?
Breathing in (3000 ml)
64
What is the expiratory reserve lung volume?
Expiration (1100 ml)
65
What is the residual lung volume?
What’s left after breathing all the way out (1200 ml)

Anatomy and physiology (3 decks)

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