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Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

Primary rhinitis –> bacterial attachment and colonization –> cytotoxins injure osteoblasts to produce osteosperosis of turbinates –> atrophy

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2
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

Primary rhinitis –> bacterial attachment and colonization –> cytotoxins injure osteoblasts to produce osteosperosis of turbinates –> atrophy

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3
Q

What are the two bacteria that act as the most common cause of swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Pasteurella multocida

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4
Q

What is possible sequelae to Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

decreased growth
pneumonia
meningitis

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5
Q

What lesions are present with swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Mucosal exudate
Turbinate asymmetry
Atrophy/hypoplasia
Septal deviation

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6
Q

What is Turkey coryza?

A

Bordetellosis

Lay name for upper respiratory disease in birds

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7
Q

What is the most likely cause for Turkey coryza and what are some clinical signs/lesions?

A

Bordetella avium

Tracheal collapse, rhinitis, conjunctivitis

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8
Q

What are some causes for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in the horse?

A

Idiopathic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (inflammation, toxin, physical)

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis?

A

primary nerve damage –> neurogenic atrophy of cricoaryteniodeus dorsalis muscle –> decreased laryngeal dilation on inspiration –> obstruct airflow

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10
Q

What lesion is associated with Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in race horses?

A

pale fibrous atrophied cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

Most common on the left side.

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11
Q

What are causes for laryngeal edema? What lesion will be present?

A

Allergy
Drugs
Smoke
Physical

Thick, gelatinous mucosa

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12
Q

What are some mucosal masses that could cause airway obstruction?

A 
Nasal granuloma
Nasal polyp, cyst
Nasal hematomas
Nasal tumors
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Nasal amyloidosis
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13
Q

Name some nasal tumors.

A 
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Sarcoma -- less common
Lymphosarcoma --> cats
Endemic ethmoidal tumors --> sheep --> typical of retrovirus induced carcinomas
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14
Q

Name the causes for tracheal collapse

A

Congenital (pups)
Aquired (young adult)

** common in toy breed dogs **

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15
Q

Name some causes for upper airway obstruction

A 
Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis
Tracheal collapse
Laryngeal edema
Mucosal masses (granuloma, polyp, cyst, tumor)
External compression
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16
Q

What are some causes of nasal granuloma?

A 
Foreign body
Fungi
Allergic
Parasitic 
Idiopathic
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17
Q

What are causes of lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

Chronic inflammation

Parasites

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18
Q

What would you expect a cat to have if there was upper airway obstruction or external compression? (Hint: 2 things)

A

Nasal polyp

Abscess

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19
Q

What are some common causes for upper respiratory external compression?

A

Neoplasma (thyroid, thymus, lymphoid)
Abscesses
Lymphadenopathy (mandibular LN, Tracheobronchial)
Thyroid hyperplasia (Goiter)

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20
Q

What are some circulatory disturbances of the URT?

A

Edema
Congestion/hyperemia
Hemorrhage – epistaxis

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21
Q

What are causes for congestion/hyperemia of the URT?

A

Acute inflammation (Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis)

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22
Q

What are the causes for epistaxis?

A 
Trauma
Tumor
Inflammation
Rupture of a blood vessel
Gutter pouch mycosis
EIPH
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23
Q

What are the causes for epistaxis?

A 
Trauma
Tumor
Inflammation
Rupture of a blood vessel
Gutter pouch mycosis
EIPH
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24
Q

What are the two bacteria that act as the most common cause of swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Pasteurella multocida

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is possible sequelae to Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?
decreased growth pneumonia meningitis
26
What lesions are present with swine atrophic rhinitis?
Mucosal exudate Turbinate asymmetry Atrophy/hypoplasia Septal deviation
27
What is Turkey coryza?
Bordetellosis | Lay name for upper respiratory disease in birds
28
What is the most likely cause for Turkey coryza and what are some clinical signs/lesions?
Bordetella avium | Tracheal collapse, rhinitis, conjunctivitis
29
What are some causes for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in the horse?
Idiopathic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (inflammation, toxin, physical)
30
What is the pathogenesis for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis?
primary nerve damage --> neurogenic atrophy of cricoaryteniodeus dorsalis muscle --> decreased laryngeal dilation on inspiration --> obstruct airflow
31
What lesion is associated with Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in race horses?
pale fibrous atrophied cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle | Most common on the left side.
32
What are causes for laryngeal edema? What lesion will be present?
Allergy Drugs Smoke Physical Thick, gelatinous mucosa
33
What are some mucosal masses that could cause airway obstruction/stenosis?
``` Nasal granuloma Nasal polyp, cyst Nasal hematomas Nasal tumors Lymphoid hyperplasia Nasal amyloidosis ```
34
Name some nasal tumors.
``` Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Sarcoma -- less common Lymphosarcoma --> cats Endemic ethmoidal tumors --> sheep --> typical of retrovirus induced carcinomas ```
35
Name the causes for tracheal collapse
Congenital (pups) Aquired (young adult) ** common in toy breed dogs **
36
Name some causes for upper airway obstruction
``` Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis Tracheal collapse Laryngeal edema Mucosal masses (granuloma, polyp, cyst, tumor) External compression ```
37
What are some causes of nasal granuloma?
``` Foreign body Fungi Allergic Parasitic Idiopathic ```
38
What are causes of lymphoid hyperplasia?
Chronic inflammation | Parasites
39
What would you expect a cat to have if there was upper airway obstruction or external compression? (Hint: 2 things)
Nasal polyp | Abscess
40
What are some common causes for upper respiratory external compression?
Neoplasma (thyroid, thymus, lymphoid) Abscesses Lymphadenopathy (mandibular LN, Tracheobronchial) Thyroid hyperplasia (Goiter)
41
What are some circulatory disturbances of the URT?
Edema Congestion/hyperemia Hemorrhage -- epistaxis
42
What are causes for congestion/hyperemia of the URT?
Acute inflammation (Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis)
43
What is the gross appearance of UR congestion/hyperemia?
swollen, red mucosa
44
What are the causes for epistaxis?
``` Trauma Tumor Inflammation Rupture of a blood vessel Gutter pouch mycosis EIPH ```
45
What do you call inflammation of: 1. Nasal cavity 2. Sinuses 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx 5. Trachea 6. Bronchi 7. Bronchioles
1. Rhinitis 2. Sinusitis 3. Pharyngitis 4. Laryngitis 5. Tracheitis 6. Bronchitis 7. Bronchiolitis
46
What does MCF stand for and what causes it? What type of inflammation does it cause?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever OVH2 -- Herpesvirus Fibrinous rhinitis
47
What does IBR stand for and what causes it? What type of inflammation does it cause?
``` Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis BHV-1 Fibrinous rhinitis Fibrinous pharyngitis Fibrinonecrotic tracheobronchitis ```
48
What animal does Pseudorabies (PRV) affect? What type of inflammation does it cause?
Pig | Fibrinonecrotizing rhinitis
49
What is the lesion for Infectious Feline Rhinotracheitis? Cause?
Rhinitis Conjunctivitis Cause = Herpesvirus
50
What lesions does Feline Calicivirus cause?
Ulcerative glossitis | nasal dermatitis
51
What is the cause of Infectious Laryngotracheitis? Species affected? Type of inflammation?
Herpesvirus Avian (chicken) Fibrinohemorrhagic tracheitis
52
What is the other name for Inclusion body rhinitis? Cause?
Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis | Herpesvirus
53
What are the clinical signs and sequelae for inclusion body rhinitis in pigs?
All pigs will be sneezing and then it is self controlling | Sequelae: Decreased growth rate, decreased appetite
54
How can you categorize different rhinitis?
``` Serous Catarrhal Suppurative Fibrinous Fibrinonecrotic Hemorrhagic Granulomatous ```
55
What are causes for pulmonary hemorrhage?
``` Trauma: penetrating wound, gunshot, ribfx Vascular injury from pul. inflammation Septicemia - DIC Electrocution Ruptured pulmonary vessel - aneurysm Coagulopathies Exercise induced hemorrhage in horse ```
56
What are some causes for embolism, thrombosis, and infarct?
septic emboli from right heart endocarditis Ruptured liver abscesses Dirofilariasis Embolism from phlebitis, venipuncture/catheter sites Cardiomyopathy (cats) Metastatic tumor emboli Pulmonary vascular injury Disseminated intravascular coagulation (sepsis) Fat after bone fx
57
What are some causes of acquired atalectasis (compression)? Obstruction causes?
Compression - Pneumothorax - Hydrothorax - Hemothorax - Diaphragmatic hernia Obstruction - Foreign body - Parasite - exudate - Tumor
58
What may lead to pulmonary edema?
Left heart failure - cardiogenic Heavy parasitism - decreased osmotic pressure Acute bacterial pneumonia - endotoxemia, LTs, acute phase inflammatory reactants Viral diseases causing vasculitis Allergy, anaphylaxis, shock Some toxins: ANTU Brain injury -- Neurogenic edema
59
What is a sequelae to pulmonary edema?
Sudden death from respiratory failure -- drown Pneumonia Pulmonary fibrosis
60
What is the general pathogenesis for pulmonary edema?
?? --> capillary endothelial damage, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure --> alveolar flooding with serum with foam production --> ischemic injury to alveolar wall --> more flooding
61
What are the three basic types of atalectasis?
1. Fetal -- always collapsed 2. Acquired -- compression 3. Acquired -- obstruction of airway
62
What are the three basic types of emphysema?
1. Vesicular -- alveolar overdistention/rupture 2. Interstitial -- interlobular air bubbles, esp. cattle 3. Bullous -- Large air filled cavity(ies) displacing normal parenchyma
63
What is the pathogenesis for emphysema?
Alveolar wall damage (infl, toxic, ischemia, gasping, genetic) --> airway obstruction --> forced expiration --> overdistention of alveoli --> rupture and coalescence
64
What is the sequelae for emphysema?
- Decreased ventilation, exercise intolerance - RV hypertrophy due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (vesicular emphysema) - Progressive respiratory failure
65
What is the pathogenesis for Equine COPD (Heaves)?
initiating cause --> bronchitis --> repeated exposure to cause --> airway hypersensitivity (1 or 4) --> chronic inflammation and hyperresponsive airway
66
What bacteria cause suppurative bronchopneumonis?
``` Pasteurella multocida Bordetella sp. Arcanobacterium sp. Streptococcus sp. E. coli Mycoplasma ```
67
What bacteria cause fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
Mannheimia hemolytica Histophilus sp. Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia Mycoplasma mycoides
68
What is the histologic hallmark sign for bronchopneumonia?
fluid and cells filling alveoli
69
What are causes for interstitial pneumonia?
``` Viral disease (canine distemper) - type I pneumocyte damage Septicemia (Salmonellosis) - endotoxemia Toxoplasmosis Oxygen toxicity, Paraquat toxicity Silicosis Hypersensitivity rxn Plant toxins, volatile oils ```
70
What is the classic signs of interstitial pneumonia histologically?
Thickened alveolar septa
71
What are some persistent fungi that cause granulomatous pneumonia?
Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatitidis Cryptococcus neoformans
72
What are some persistant bacteria that may cause granulomatous pneumonia?
Mycobacterium sp | Rhodococcus equi

Pathology (9 decks)

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