respiratory 20

Question 1

What part innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 1

phrenic motor nucleus

Question 2

where is the phrenic motor nucleus located?

Answer 2

C3-C5 spine

Question 3

what are internal and external intercoastal muscles involved in?wh

Answer 3

internal-exhalation
external- inhalation

Question 4

what innervates internal and external intercostal muscles?

Answer 4

intercostal motor neurones

Question 5

where are intercostal motor neurons located?

Answer 5

T1-L1

Question 6

where are abdominal motor neurons found?

Answer 6

T7-L1

Question 7

when are abdominal muscles recruited?

Answer 7

during forced exhalation( exercise)
expiratory muscles only!
-coughing, sneezing and straining, laughing, vocalization(speaking)

Question 8

how does a lesion in C1-C2 lvl affect breathing?

Answer 8

-paralysis of lung muscles and body. Cannot respirate on your own

Can still speak( local chords receive input from brainstem higher up)

Question 9

what is the movement of ribs and diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 9

upwards and outwards. The chest expands in 3d

Question 10

What process of respiration is active and passive?

Answer 10

inspiration- active
expiration- passive( at rest. Chest recoils from the stretch)

Question 11

when does respiration become active?

Answer 11

only during exercise

Question 12

what is 1 respiratory cycle?

Answer 12

from the start of inspiration to the end of expiration

Question 13

What is the Volume of air breathed in at rest?

Answer 13

1/2 L

Question 14

what pressure is always -ve?

Answer 14

pleural

Question 15

what is the purpose of -ve pressure in the pleura?

Answer 15

sucks lungs on to the chest wall

Question 16

how does breathing happen?

Answer 16

during inspiration, the check wall moves out the pleural pressure becomes more -ve! relative to pulmonary pressure. Pulmonary pressure becomes more -ve relative to atmospheric pressure. This draws air into the lungs.
When pulmonary pressure= is atmospheric pressure the lungs are completely inflated

During exhalation: the pleural pressure becomes LESS NEGATIVE
This increases the pulmonary pressure inside the lungs(more +ve), which pushes the air out of the lungs.

Question 17

pneumothorax

Answer 17

-thoracic puncture wound
-air rushes into the chest
-loss of -ve pleural pressure
-respiratory distress( hyperventilation)

Need to repair the wound and get the air out of the chest

Question 18

what is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 18

the volume above the tidal Volume
how much capacity one has within the system that can be increased when exercising

Question 19

expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 19

how much more air can one expire above normal volume

Question 20

vital capacity

Answer 20

Inspiratory reserve volume+ inspiratory reserve volume+ tidal volume

Question 21

What is the functional residual capacity(FRC)?

Answer 21

-exactly before the next inspiration- resting point of the lung
Medically infers whether or not the lung is damaged or working properly

Question 22

residual volume

Answer 22

bronchioles collapse under the deflating pressures of the lung and trap air downstream- impossible to remove the last part of the air out of the lung

Question 23

total lung capacity(TLC)

Answer 23

Vital Capacity(VC) + Residual Volume(RV)

Question 24

respiratory frequency

Answer 24

12 breaths/ min

Question 25

Minute ventilation

Answer 25

how much air a person breaths in a per min

Question 26

Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation

Answer 26

Hyperventilation: VE(min ventilation)> 6L/min Hypoventilation: VE< 6 L/min

Question 27

Why does hyperventilation makes you feel dizzy?

Answer 27

blowing out CO2, which is a major regulator of blood flow to the brain

Question 28

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 28

the amount of ventilation in alveoli

Question 29

What is dead space ventilation?

Answer 29

the tube( conducting system) that does not take part in gas exchange 2.2 ml/kg= approx 150 ml of air that does not get into the lungs.

Question 30

how much air actually gets into the lungs?

Answer 30

350 ml

Question 31

Minute ventilation

Answer 31

Question 32

what is the value for alveolar ventilation

Answer 32

4.2 L/min

Question 33

how can residual volume measured?

Answer 33

add helium( inert gas) to the spirometer. Helium is not absorbed can equilibrate the known concentration and the volume of helium and then measure the conc again, and solve for V2

Question 34

Vitalographs

Answer 34

measure lung volumes measure gas volume dynamics measures: FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second: normal ~4L FVC: forced viral capacity; the max amount of air that can be blown out of the lugs normal ~5 L( usually less than uring a slower exhalation) Look at ratio: FEV1/FVC= 80% norm

Question 35

how much is anatomical dead space?

Answer 35

2 ml/ kg of body weight

Question 36

define respiration

Answer 36

1. To extract oxygen from the air and together with the cardiovascular system transport it to respiring tissues 2. Remove carbon dioxide from respiring tissues (an end product of aerobic metabolism) and exhaust into atmosphere

Question 37

how much energy for inspiration comes from the diaphragm?

Answer 37

~70%