Respiratory Flashcards

Question

Why is chronic bronchitis often called the blue bloater?

Answer 1

Because a chronic bronchitis patient will often have: Cyanosis of the face/lips Excess weight Vigorous productive cough Crackles and wheeze on auscultation A History of frequent persistent pulmonary infections.

Answer 2

Usually caused by smoking or toxic environments which lead to destructive lung changes. There is a narrowing of the lower airways and a loss of elasticity in the alveolar walls. This leads to air trapping and distended alveolar walls which then break down. This means that less surface area is in contact with the capillaries so there is less gas exchange. The result is lower oxygen and higher carbon dioxide levels.

Answer 3

``` Restricted air movement. Thin barrel shaped chest. Pink colouration Pursed lip breathing Prolonged expiration Dyspnoeic on exertion Wheezing Diminished breath sounds ```

Answer 4

Asthmatics are usually under 50 and symptom free between attackes. CORD patients are usually over 50 and are not symptom free between attacks

Answer 5

Oxygen to keep saturations between 88-92% Nebulised bronchodilators. Alternating between 5 min on and 5 min off if their sats are greater than 92% during the neb. ICP back up if their condition is moderate-severe.

Answer 6

An infection of the lower conducting airways, producing inflammation, pus and sometimes bronchospasm.

Answer 7

An infection of the alveoli. May produce an intense inflammatory reaction that causes alveoli to fill with organisms, pus and leukocytes.

Answer 8

Fever/chills Cough Dyspnoea Sharp/localise chest pain that worsens with breathing Wheezes or crackles (in a chest infection these are usually unilateral and localised, they may also only exist in the presence of a productive cough or elevated temperature)

Answer 9

Caused by increased ventilatory rate. Often associated with anxiety. Respirations are rapid and deep which increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is breathed out.

Answer 10

``` Rapid breathing Cool pale skin Carpopedal spasm Tachycardia LOC/seizures Numbness/parasthesia around hands/feet/mouth Cold hands/feet Dyspnoea Chest pain ```

Answer 11

We give it to relieve airway or facial swelling. It's indicated to: Upper airway obstruction secondary to swelling or infection Anaphylaxis where there is upper airway oedema Isolated oedema of the face or mouth in the absence of systemic symptoms of anaphylaxis

Answer 12

Adults and children both receive 5mg of nebulised adrenaline which can be repeated every 10minutes. This is made up using 5 1mg ampoules

Answer 13

An audible harsh high pitched musical sound produced by turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed upper airway

Answer 14

Give nebulised adrenaline if there is resting stridor, or moderate to severe respiratory distress

Answer 15

A rash of pale red raised itchy bumps

Answer 16

Urticaria Oedema of the face and mouth Hypotension Bronchospasm

Answer 17

By stimulating alpha ad reneged receptors in the airway. These cause vasoconstriction which then decreases capillary permeability of the vascular and endothelial components, which in turn increases airway radius and decreases obstruction to airflow

Answer 18

``` Anxiety Headache Hypertension Tachycardia Tremors Palpitations ```

Answer 19

It's selective for beta 2 receptors | The SNS recognises salbutamol as a neurotransmitter. Therefore the drug is called sympathomimetic.

Answer 20

Patients in bronchospasm. Therefore most patients with a wheeze

Answer 21

``` Asthma CORD Anaphylaxis Burns (airway) Smoke inhalation ```

Answer 22

Blocks Ach receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles. Ach usually cause smooth muscle to contract.

Answer 23

Ipratroprium binds competively binds to Ach receptors, preventing further Ach from binding to that site.

Answer 24

No not any more.

Answer 25

``` Nausea Dry mouth Blurred vision Tachycardia Worsening of glaucoma ```

Answer 26

``` Allergens - such as dust Irritants such as cigarette smoke Medicines such as NSAIDs Viral upper respiratory infections such as colds Physical activity including exercise ```

Answer 27

``` Shortness of breath Chest tightness Anxiety Respiratory distress Tachypnea Use of accessory muscles in the neck and abdo Prolonged expiratory phase Wheeze Coughing Difficultly speakingTachycardia Cyanosis (if severe) ```

Answer 28

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 29

Commonly cyanosed. | Their right heart failure leads them to be swollen or bloated.

Answer 30

A permanent abnormal enlargement of the alveoli accompanied by destruction to their walls. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange. It also reduces lung elasticity, which results in a loss of support for the airways meaning they are more likely to collapse.

Answer 31

``` SOB Abnormal sputum Chronic cough Anxiety Tachyopnea Wheeze or crackles on auscultation Prolonged expiratory phase Chest enlargement (barrel chest) Accessory muscle use in the neck and abdo Pursed lips (particularly on expiration) Tachycardia Difficultly performing daily activities ```

Answer 32

Asthmatics who are status 1 or 2 and who are deteriorating despite bronchodilators.

Answer 33

A synthetic glucocorticosteriod. Activated glucocorticosteriod receptors upregulate hte expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus and repress pro-inflammatory proteins in the cytosol.

Answer 34

It is rapidly converted in the liver to its active metabolite - prednisolone.

Answer 35

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Mobilisation of amino acids Stimulation of fat breakdown Inhibition of glucose. They also posses marked anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-rheumatic properties. This is because they reduce the vascular and cellular components of inflammation.

Answer 36

A metabolic pathway that uses non-carbohydrate carbon substrates (pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, odd-chain fatty acids and glucogenic amino acids) to generate glucose, particularly in the liver.

Answer 37

Because thet act as substrates for gluconeogenesis.

Answer 38

Because it is a way in which to conserve glucose.

Answer 39

It is readily absorbed from the GI tract. It has a half-life of 60 min before hydroxylation.

Answer 40

Prednisolone has a plasma half-life of 2-3 hours and is extensively bound to plasma proteins.

Answer 41

It is primarily metabolised in the liver.

Answer 42

In the urine.

Answer 43

``` Galucoma/cataracts Depression Insomnia Dizziness Headaches Vertigo Hypertension Electrolyte imbalances Reflux Nausea Vomiting Ulceration Fatigue Skin irritations Increased appetite leading to weight gain Reduction in bone density ```

Answer 44

Asthma CORD minor allergic reactions where an itch is prominent and associated with a rash. (Is not given for anaphylaxis but may be given after to resolve an itchy rash)

Answer 45

Adults - two 20mg tablets. This maybe swallowed whole or crushed. If adults are already taking prednisone give 40mg if they are taking less than 40mg a day. Do not administer if they are taking more than 40 mg a day. If children are already taking prednisone just administer an additional dose anyway.

Answer 46

Universals. | Shouldn't be given to children under 5 as we can't accurately split a 20mg tablet.

Answer 47

There are no signs of systemic involvement There are no signs of spreading inflammation There is no facial or intraoral swelling There are no signs of blistering or peeling No adrenaline has been administered

Answer 48

Paramedic or ICPs

Respiratory Flashcards

(73 cards)