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Physiology Final > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Respiration

A

process of exchanging gases between atmosphere and body cells

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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3
Q

external respiration

A

air into lungs; gas exchange

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4
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

gases in blood transported from lungs to body cells and back oto lungs

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5
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases at body capillaries

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6
Q

cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen by cells to produce energy

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7
Q

5 types of gas change

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases
  4. internal respiration
  5. cellular respiration
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8
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A
  1. provide O2
  2. eliminate CO2
  3. regulate blood pH
  4. form phonation
  5. defend aginst microbes
  6. influence arterial concentrations of chemical messengers
  7. trap and dissolve blood clots
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9
Q

General characteristics of upper respiratory organs(UROs)

A

lined with mucous membranes
epithelial tissue and connective tissue with goblet cells
pseduostratified columnar epithelial tissue - goblet cells (secrete mucus to trap debris) and cilia to beat debris

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10
Q

organs of upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Naval Cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

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11
Q

nasal cavity structure and function

A

Structure: three nasal conchae - superior, middle, and inferior
Function: warm and moisten incoming air, increase turbulence of air to better warm, moisten and filter

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12
Q

Paranasal sinuses structure and function

A

Structure: 4 skull bones - frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary
function: drain into nasal cavity, resonating chambers for speech

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13
Q

Pharynx structure and function

A

(Throat)
structure: wall of skeletal muscle
separated into three parts: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Function: resonant chamber for speech sounds, passageway for air and food

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14
Q

Organs of Lower respiratory tract

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchial tree
  4. Alveoli
  5. Lungs
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15
Q

Larynx Structure and function

A

structure:
1. 9 pieces of cartilage_- thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
2. Upper ventricular folds (false vocal folds) and lower vocal folds( true)
Function: (Voicebox)
voice production and varying it

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16
Q

Glottis

A

space between upper ventricular folds and lower vocal folds in larynx

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17
Q

types of speech production in larynx

A
  1. excitation
  2. whispering
  3. modulation
  4. articulatory phonetics
  5. acoustic phonetics
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18
Q

Trachea structure and function

A

(WINDPIPE)
Structure: 16-20 incomplete C-RINGS of cartilage
Function: support against collapse, continue to warm and filter air

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19
Q

Carina

A

point in trachea to divide into right and left bronchus

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20
Q

Bronchial Tree Structure and function

A

Structure: Branches in order of Primary Bronchus, secondary and tertiary bronchii, intralobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

  1. Decrease in cartilage and increase in smooth muscle
  2. Epithelium changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar
    epithelium to non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium in terminal
    bronchioles

Function:: allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

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21
Q

Alveoli function and structure

A

Structure: wall of type 1 alveolar cells (Simple squamous lining) and type II alveolar cells (secrete surfactant) and macrophages
Alveolar capillary membrane
function: rapid diffusion of gases from high to low concentration

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22
Q

Lungs

A

structure: covered by serous membranes - visceral pleara and parietal pleura
lung divided into lobes, right lung into 3, and left lung into 2
lobes divide to lobules

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23
Q

pleura membranes

A

membranes lungs covered by - high surface tension

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24
Q

methods of speech analysis

A
  1. time analysis, time vs. amplitude
  2. spectral analysis, frequency vs. dB
  3. spectogram analysis, time vs. frequency
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25
surfactant
chemical substance that reduces surface tension so pressure in alveoli is constant despite range of r values prevents alveloar collapse during respiration also prevents bacterial invasion and cleans alveoli surface
26
Parts of conducting zone
1. trachea 2. Bronchi 3. Bronchioles 4. Terminal Bronchioles
27
Function of conducting zone
1. acts as a low-resistance pathway to airflow 2. defense against microbes, toxic chemicals 3. warms and moistens air 4. phonates
28
Parts of respiratory zone
1. respiratory bronchioles 2. alveolar ducts 3. alveolar sacs
29
Function of respiratory zone
Where gas exchange takes place
30
what drives the ventilation cycle
movement of the thoracic wall by the skeletal muscle
31
What are muscles of inspiration
diaphragm | external intercostals
32
muscles of expiration
internal intercostals, abdominals
33
How does inspiration work
1. diaphragm muscles push downward. 2. size of thoracic cavity increases 3. pressure in thoracic cavity decreases to sub atmospheric point 4. transpulmonary pressure increases 5. size of lung increases 6. pressure in alveoli become sub atmospheric 7. air rushes into alveoli to equalize pressure gradient
34
transpulmonary pressure
pressure gradient between thoracic cavity and alveoli
35
phrenic nerves
sends nerve impulses that causes the skeletal muscles to contract for inhalation
36
How does expiration work
1. Diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax 2. Elastic tissue of lungs and thoracic cavity recoil; the surface tension collapses alveolar walls 3. Transpulmonary pressure moves back to preinspiration value 4. Tissues recoil around lung, returning lung to preinspiration size 5. Air in the alveoli becomes compressed, increasing alveolar pressure to a value larger than atmospheric pressure 6. Air flows out of lungs
37
How does Heimlich maneuver work
decrease volume of thoracic cavity, increasing alveolar pressure -> object ejected
38
How is lung volume measured
spirometer - measures inspired and expired volumes
39
Tidal volume
amount of air that enters lungs during inspiration and leaves during expiration
40
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal inspiration
41
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal respiration
42
residual volume
amount of air that always remains in lungs
43
Vital capacity
maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum exhalation VC=TV +IRV+ERV
44
inspiratory capacity
total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration IC=TV+IRV
45
function residual capacity
amount of air left in lungs after tidal expiration
46
functional residual capacity
amount of air left in lungs after tidal expiration | FRC=ERV + RV
47
dead space
area when air is inhaled and not used
48
calculate ventilation
ventilation = tidal volume x frequency
49
dead space calculation
amount inspired x Frequency
50
alveolar ventilation calculation
ventilation - dead space
51
hypoventilation conditions
alveolar ventilation = 0 ml/min fast breathing ex: 40 breaths per minute
52
hyperventilation conditions
alveolar ventilation large, > 4200 mL/min | slow breathing
53
Mechanism of coughing
air is forced against closed glottis, and suddenly glottis opens so a blast of air passes upward clears lower respiratory passages
54
Mechanism of sneezing
air is forced against closed glottis, and glottis opens and air is directed into nasal cavity by depressing the uvula clears upper respiratory passages
55
Mechanism of laughing and crying
deep breath released in series of short expirations
56
Mechanism of hiccuping
diaphragm contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed
57
Mechanism of yawning
deep breath taken. | this is dumb
58
how does hemoglobin transport oxygen
contains Fe2+ on heme group and bonds with oxygen -> oxyhemoglobin
59
why is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve s-shaped
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as successive molecules of oxygen bind to hemoglobin curve levels out as more and more hemoglobin molecules become saturation with O2
60
Factors that decrease hemoglobin saturation
1. pH decreases 2. temperature decrease 3. partial pressure of CO2 increases 4. addition of 2,3-DPG/ 2,3-BPG
61
2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid
addition of 2,3-DPG decreases hemoglobin saturation by allosterically interacting with deoxyhemoglobin and decreasing its affinity for oxygen
62
what happens to CO2 after diffusing from tissue into the bloodstream
1. 10% dissolved in plasma 2. 20% combines with hemoglobin to form caraminohemoglobin 3. 70% reacts in RBCs to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate
63
importance of carbonic anhydrase
catalyst that facilitates the reaction of CO2 to carbonic acid and bicarbonate
64
effects of bicarbonate in bloodstream
1. increases partial pressure of CO2 | 2. Chloride shift: Cl- moves out of plasma into RBC to retain electrical neutrality
65
How is CO2 transported from RBCs into alveoli for expiration
1. 10% dissolved in the plasma diffuses into alveoli 2. 20% as carbaminohemoglobin separates from hemoglobin and diffuses into alveoli 3. 70% as carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) eventually turns back to CO2 due to the oxygenation of hemoglobin and diffuses into alveoli
66
How is blood pH maintained
1. bicarbonate formed from CO2 acts as a primary buffer | 2. excess H+ excreted into urine
67
respiratory acidosis
pH less than 7.35 caused by hypoventilation | rise in CO2-> rise in carbonic acid
68
metabolic acid
too much HCO30 or too little nonvolatile acids | vomiting out stomach acid
69
how is pH of blood calculated
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation | pH= 6.1+log(HCO3-/-.03Pco2)
70
Nervous system control breathing: medullary rhythmicity area
1. inspiratory neurons drive inspiration 2. expiratory neurons inhibit inspiratory neurons 3. dorsal respiratory group control basic rhythm of breathing 4. ventral respiratory group control forceful breathing
71
Nervous system control breathing: pneumotaxic area
control rate of breathing
72
factors that affect breathing
1. partial pressures of O2 and CO2 2. acidosis (pH) 3. degree of stretch of lung 4. emotional state 5. level of physical activity
73
Signals regulate ventilation: O2 sensor
no oxygen to oxygen sensor results in K+ closing -> decrease in K+ permeability -> cell depolarizes -> exocytosis of dopamine -> dopamine attaches to dopamine receptor -> action potential in sensory neuron -> signal to medullary centers to increase ventilation
74
Signals regulate ventilation: H+
High CO2 in blood -> high H+ binds to central chemoreceptor-> increased ventilation from respiratory control centers in brain
75
hypoxia
O2 deficiency at tissue level
76
hypoxic- hypoxia
Pressure of oxygen of arterial blood reduced
77
anemia hypoxia
low hemoglobin content
78
stagnant hypoxia
low blood flow
79
histoxic hypoxia
inhibition of tissue oxidative processes
80
acclimitization- hypoxic ventilatory response
adaptation to high altitude
81
nitrogen narcosis
dangerous accumulation of nitrogen at very low atmospheric pressure
82
decompression sickness
affect of nitrogen narcosis | nitrogen gas forms in tissue and enters blood, blocking small blood vessels and producing 'bends'
83
hyperpnea
breathing becomes deeper and more rapid to deliver more air to lungs especially during exercise
84
lactate threshold
maximum rate of oxygen consumption before blood lactic acid level rises
85
Types of gas exchange in respiratory system
1. pulmonary ventilation | 2. external respiration
86
histamine
release from mast cells - allergic/asthmatic response bronchiole constriction

Physiology Final (4 decks)

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