Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FOCP > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What does bloody sputum indicate?

A

Haemoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does yellow green sputum indicate?

A

Pulmonary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does black sputum indicate?

A

Coal mining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does pink frothy sputum indicate?

A

Pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is peak expiratory flow?

A

An estimate of airway calibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a normal spO2 in a healthy young adult?

A

99-98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is atrial blood gas taken from usually?

A

Femoral or radial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of type 1 resp failure?

A

defined as PaO2 <8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of type 2 resp failure?

A

defined as PaO2 <8 and paCO2 >6.0kPa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is spirometery?

A

It measures functional lung volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What it FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is FVC

A

Forced vital capacity?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is affected more in obstructive lung disease, FEV1 or FVC

A

FEV1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which is affected more in restrictive lung disease, FEV1 or FVC

A

FVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some causes of obstructive lung disease?

A

Asthma, COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some causes of restrictive lung disease?

A

Lung fibrosis, sarcoidosis; pneumoconiosis, interstitial pneumonias; connective tissue diseases; pleural effusion; obesity; kyphoscoliosis; neuromuscular problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the commonest cause for community acquired pneumonia

A

Strep pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the commonest cause for hospital acquired pneumonia

A

Staph A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the common causes of aspiration pneumonia?

A

stroke, myasthenia, bulbar palsies, consciousness (eg post- ictal or drunk), oesophageal disease (achalasia, reflux), or with poor dental hygiene risk aspirating oropharyngeal anaerobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the commonest cause for immune compromised pneumonia

A

Strep pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Shivers, fever, rigors, malaise, dyspnoea, anorexia, purulent sputum, haemoptysis and pleuritic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the signs of pneumonia?

A

Pyrexia, cyanosis, confusion (can be the only sign in the elderly—may also be hypothermic), tachypnoea, tachy- cardia, hypotension, signs of consolidation (diminished expansion, dull percussion note, tactile vocal fremitus/vocal resonance, bronchial breathing), and a pleural rub.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is severity of pneumonia measured?

A 
CURB65
of: Confusion (abbreviated mental test ≤8); 
Urea >7mmol/L; 
Respiratory rate ≥30/min; 
BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the management of pneumonia?

A

Antibiotics
Keep sp02 over 94%
IV fluids for anorexia and shock,
Pain killers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the possible complications of pneumonia?

A

Pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess, respiratory failure, septicaemia, brain abscess, pericarditis, myocarditis, cholestatic jaundice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an empyema?

A

Pus in the plural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is clear sputum a sign of?

A

Chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the common presenting symptoms of respiratory illness?

A

Cough with sputum, dyspnoea, haemoptysis, hoarseness, wheeze, chest pain, stridor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a stridor and what can cause it?

A

An inspirational sound due to the partial blockage of upper airways. Can be in the lumen (tumour, bilateral cord palsy, foreign body) or within the wall (anaphylactic oedema, laryngospasm, tumour, amyloidosis, acute epiglottitis, croup) or extrinsic (goitre, post op, lymphadenopathy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a hollow bovine cough associated with?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Loud brassy cough suggests

A

Pressure on trachea, eg tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Barking cough suggests

A

A croup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chronic cough can be caused by

A

Pertussis, tb, asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dry chronic cough can be

A

Side effect of ace inhibitors,

Caused by acid irritation due to oesophageal reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the causes of haemoptysis?

A

Infective (tb, bronchiectisis, lung abscess)
Neoplastic
Vascular (lung infarction, vasculitis)
Parenchymal (interstitial fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis)
Foreign bodies
Pulmonary hypertension
Coagulopathies (thrombocytopenia, warfarin overuse)
Pseudo haemoptysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What can cause wasting of intrinsic muscles?

A

T1 lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can cause tender wrists?

A

Cancer, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarpathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What can cause a tracheal displacement?

A

It can collapse away from large pleural effusion or tension pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What can cause an impalpable apex beat?

A

COPD, pleural effusion, dextrocardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are bronchial breath sounds and what are some causes?

A

Harsh with a gap between inhalation and exhalation
Occurs when lung tissue has become firm
Eg consolidation, localized fibrosis, pleural effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What can diminished breath sounds be caused by?

A

Pleural effusions, pleural thickening, pneumothorax, bronchial obstruction, COPD, asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What can cause a monophonic wheeze?

A

Single obstruction of airways, eg tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What can cause a polyphonic wheeze?

A

Wide spread narrowing of airways, COPD and asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What can cause end inspiration crackles?

A

Distal opening of airways, pulmonary oedema, alveoli fibrosis

45
Q

What can cause mid inspiration crackles?

A

More proximal airways, bronchiectisis

46
Q

What can cause early inspiration crackles?

A

Small airway disease, eg COPD

47
Q

What is bronchiectisis? What are the common causes?

A

Chronic infection of bronchi and bronchioles leading to permanent dilation of the airways
H influenzae, strep pneumonia, staph A, pseudomonas

48
Q

What are the common causes of bronchiectisis?

A

CF, young’s syndrome; primary ciliary dyskinesia; Kartagener’s syndrome
Aft: Measles, TB, HIV, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms and complications of bronchiectisis?

A

Symptoms: cough, copious purulent sputum, intermittent haemoptysis
Signs: finger clubbing, wheeze, inspiratory creptitations
Complications: pneumonia, pneumothorax, cerebral abscess amyloidosis

50
Q

What are the clinical features of CF?

A

Respiratory: cough; wheeze; recurrent infections; bron- chiectasis; pneumothorax; haemoptysis; respiratory failure; cor pulmonale. Gastro- intestinal: pancreatic insufficiency (diabetes mellitus, steatorrhoea); distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (meconium ileus equivalent); gallstones; cirrhosis. Other: male infertility; osteoporosis; arthritis; vasculitis nasal polyps; sinusitis; and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA). Signs: cyanosis; finger clubbing; bilateral coarse crackles.

51
Q

What are the five ways aspergillus cam affect the lung?

A

Asthma, type 1 hypersensitivity
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis:wheeze cough, purulent sputum, dyspnoea, recurrent pneumonia
Aspergilloma: cough, haemoptysis
Invasive aspergillosis: in immunocompromised
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: hypersensitivity

52
Q

What are the major risk factors for lung tumours?

A

Smoking, coal mining, asbestos, chromium, arsenic, iron oxides, radiation

53
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Haemoptysis, cough, weight loss, lethargy, chest pain, anorexia, recurrent pneumonia
Cachexia, anaemia, clubbing, wrist tenderness, auxiliary nodes
Consolidation, lung collapse, pleural effusion
Hepatomegaly, bone tenderness,

54
Q

Complications of lung tumours?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, phrenic nerve palsy, SVC obstruction, rib erosion, horner’s syndrome
Metastasis to brain and bone
confusion, fits

55
Q

What are the three factors that cause airway narrowing in asthma

A

Bronchial muscle constriction
Mucosal swelling- caused by mast cell degranulation
Increased mucus production

56
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A 
Intermittent dyspnoea on exercising, relieved by bronchodilators
Audible Wheeze
Nocturnal cough
Sputum
Often there is a presence of other ectopic diseases (hay fever, eczema)
Hyper inflated chest
Tachypnoea
Hyperressonant chest
57
Q

What are the differentials for asthma?

A

Pulmonary oedema, bronchiectasis, COPD, airway obstruction, PE, pneumothorax

58
Q

What are the medications used for asthma?

A

Beta agonists- bronchodilators
Corticosteroids- minimize systemic effects
Aminophylline-reduce bronchoconstriction
Anticholinergics-reduce muscle spasm
Leukotrine inhibitors-
Anti IgE antibody

59
Q

What is the definition of COPD?

A

Progressive obstructive lung disorder (FEV1/FVC

60
Q

What is the presentation of pink puffers?

A

Breathless but not cyanosed, no bloating, can progress to type 1 resp failure
Increased alveolar ventilation, I almost normal paO2

61
Q

What is the presentation of blue bloaters?

A

Not breathless, but cyanosed and bloated. Low paO2 and high paCO2. May develop cor pulmonale

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of COPD

A

Recurrent infections, breathlessness, cough, sputum, hyperinflation of chest, tachypnoea

63
Q

What it acute respiratory stress syndrome?

A

Acute lung injury, caused by injury or aft infection

Causes release of inflammatory cytokines which causes non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and multi organ failure

64
Q

What can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Sepsis, hypovolemia, anaphylaxis, pneumonia, aspiration, malaria

65
Q

What are the clinical features of ARDs

A

tachypnoea, tachycardia, fine inspiratory bilateral crackles, cyanosis,vasodilation

66
Q

What is the treatment if ARDS?

A

Ventilation, CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)

67
Q

What is type 1 resp failure usually caused by?

A

Pneumonia, asthma, fibrosis, pleural effusion, PE, emphysema,

68
Q

How do you treat type 1 resp failure

A

O2 with monitoring

69
Q

What can cause a type 2 resp failure?

A

Pulmonary disease: asthma, COPD, fibrosis, pneumonia, sleep apnoea
Depressed resp rate: drugs
Neuromuscular causes: diaphragm paralysis, mysanthia gravis, guillan barré

70
Q

How do you treat type 2 resp failure?

A

With controlled O2, start at 24% because hypercapnic drive may drive resp rate

71
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism and how is it usually caused?

A

Emboli forms in lungs,
Usually from a thromboemboli from a DVT
Can come from a thromboemboli from right heart and other random things (gas, fat, amniotic fluid)

72
Q

What are the risk factors for a thromboembolism?

A 
Reduced motility, 
Post op
Thrombophilia,
Malignancy
Post partum
73
Q

What are the clinical features of a PE?

A

Symptoms: Acute Breathlessness, syncope, dizziness, haemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain
Signs: pyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea, cyanosis, hypotension, raised JVP, pleural rub

74
Q

What are the risk factors of a PE

A

Thrombophilia, previous post partum, post op, bed rest, malignancy

75
Q

What are the causes of a pneumothorax?

A

Usual presentation is spontaneous in young, healthy males

Can also be COPD, asthma, TB, pneumonia, lung abscess, carcinoma, CF, sarcoidosis, silicosis, etc

76
Q

What are the clinical features of a pneumothorax?

A

Pleuritic chest pain, acute, sudden onset breathlessness

Hyper resonance, deviation of trachea, diminished breath sounds

77
Q

What is the management of a pneumothorax?

A

Chest drain, go between 1st and 2nd IC space mid clavicular

78
Q

What is a pleural effusion and what are the types?

A

Fluid in plural space
Classified based on protein conc.
Transudates have low protein,
Exudates have high protein

79
Q

What are the causes of Transudate pleural effusions?

A

Increased venous pressure, like HF, and constrictive pericarditis

80
Q

What can cause an exudate pleural effusion?

A

Increased leakiness of pleural cavities

Pneumonia, TB, pulmonary infarction

81
Q

What signs could you see with a pleural effusion?

A

Stony dull on percussion, reduced breath sounds, bronchial breathing

82
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

It’s a multi system granulomatous disease of unknown origin

83
Q

What are the signs of sarcoidosis?

A

Chest pain, progressive dyspnoea, reduced exercise tolerance, Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, conjunctivitis, uveitis,

84
Q

What is interstitial lung disease?

A

A disease which affects lung parenchyma in a diffused manner

Characterised by lung inflammation and chronic inflammation

85
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of interstitial lung disease?

A

Dyspnoea, non productive cough, abnormal breath sounds abnormal chest X-ray, ct scan, restrictive pulmonary disease on ct scan

86
Q

What is extrinsic allergic alveolitis and what are the notable causes?

A

Hypersensitivity reaction; alveoli is infiltrated by inflammatory cells, then granuloma’s start to form
Birds
Farmers lung, mushroom farmer’s lung

87
Q

What are the clinical features of allergic alveolitis?

A

Dyspnoea, crackles, no wheeze, dry cough, fever, rigors, myalgia
Weight loss, Exertional dyspnoea,

88
Q

What are the clinical signs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Dyspnoea, arthralgia, clubbing, fine end inspiratory crackles, malaise, weight loss, dry cough

89
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

RHF caused by chronic lung failure

90
Q

What are the clinical features of cor pulmonale?

A

Dyspnoea, heave, oedema, Hepatomegaly, fatigue, syncope, raised JVP

91
Q

What are the causes of cor pulmonale

A

Fibrosis, asthma,COPD, bronchiectasis
Mysanthia gravis,
Vasculitis, emboli

92
Q

In an X-ray, what does a completely obscured R. Heart border indicate?

A

Focal consolidation

93
Q

In an X-ray, what do tramlines and ring shadows indicate?

A

Bronchiectasis

94
Q

Any acute admission to the hospital due to asthma should

A

Be seen as an opportunity to review self management skills

95
Q

What is the first line treatment for acute asthma?

A

High dose inhaled beta-2 agonists

96
Q

An acute severe asthma episode can be discharged if

A

PEFR returns to 75% of predicted within 1 hour of initial treatment

97
Q

What must happen before a patient is discharged from an Asthma attack?

A

The patient must be stable on their own medication regime

98
Q

What do enlarged supra clavicular lymphnodes and bronchial breathing suggest?

A

Lung carcinoma

99
Q

What do clubbing and coarse inspiratory crepitations suggest?

A

Cystic fibrosis

100
Q

What do mouth ulcers and unilateral chest dullness suggest?

A

SLE

101
Q

What does a unilateral calf oedema and a pleural run suggest?

A

PE

102
Q

What does unilateral Ptosis and unilateral reduction in air entry suggest?

A

Pancoast tumour

103
Q

What causes hyponatremia in a patient with lung cancer?

A

Inappropriate ADH secretion

104
Q

What does inappropriate ADH secretion in lung cancer suggest?

A

Small cell cancer

105
Q

What does audible gurgling imply and what is the treatment for it?q

A

Presence of liquid in the upper airway

Treated with suction

106
Q

If a patient has respiratory depression and has contracted pupils what treatment should be used?

A

Naloxone

107
Q

PE causes what kind of chest pain?

A

Pleuritic, sharp and inspiratory chest pain

108
Q

What does abdominal pain and postural hypotension suggest?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

109
Q

What does abdominal pain, lung cancer and postural hypotension suggest?

A

Metastasis to adrenal glands causing Addison’s disease

FOCP (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions