Respiratory Anatomy 2 - Review

Question 1

what is the fibromuscular tube that forms the upper airway and upper digestive tract, transmits air from the nasal cavity to the trachea and food from the oral cavity to the esophagus

Answer 1

• pharynx

Question 2

what extends from the base of the skull to the inferior aspect of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx

Answer 2

• pharynx

Question 3

the pharynx is divided into which regions?

Answer 3

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Question 4

what lies posterior to the nasal cavity and above the soft palate?

Answer 4

• nasopharynx

Question 5

what are located along the superior/posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Answer 5

• pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Question 6

what connects to the middle ear cavity and can be observed with the overlying torus

Answer 6

• pharyngotympanic tube

Question 7

what lies posterior to the oral cavity between the soft palate and the tip of the epiglottis

Answer 7

• oropharynx

Question 8

what is located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds?

Answer 8

• palatine tonsil

Question 9

what is the space between the epiglottis and the tongue base

Answer 9

• valleculae

Question 10

what lies posterior to the larynx and extends from the epiglottis to the inferior aspect of the cricoid cartilage, where it narrows and is continuous with the esophagus

Answer 10

• laryngopharynx

Question 11

what helps the laryngopharynx communicate with the larynx

Answer 11

• laryngeal inlet

Question 12

which tonsils are located at the roof and posterior wall of the pharynx

Answer 12

• pharyngeal tonsils

Question 13

which tonsils are located near the orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube

Answer 13

• tubal tonsils

Question 14

which tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue?

Answer 14

• lingual tonsils

Question 15

what is the name of the ring around the pharynx collectively formed by the tonsils?

Answer 15

• Waldeyer’s ring

Question 16

what surgical procedure involves the removal of the tonsil from the underlying tonsil bed

Answer 16

• tonsillectomy

Question 17

what is a common postoperative complication from a tonsillectomy

Answer 17

• bleeding because of its rich vascular suppply

Question 18

what courses just beneath the thin tonsillar bed and is vulnerable to surgical injury during a tonsillectomy

Answer 18

• the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 19

what happens if the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is injured during a tonsillectomy? what symptoms are experienced

Answer 19

• taste/sensory disturbances to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

Question 20

the muscular pharynx actually consists of a series of

Answer 20

• circular muscle

- longitudinal muscles

Question 21

pharyngeal muscles function during

Answer 21

• swallowing

Question 22

the circular pharyngeal muscles that propel food downward from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx

Answer 22

• superior
• middle
• inferior

Question 23

all of the pharyngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve

except for

which is innervated by which nerve

Answer 23

• vagus
• stylopharyngeus
• innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 24

what are the small mucosa lined fossa along the lateral walls of the larynx

Answer 24

• piriform recesses

Question 25

what are common sites for food/small foreign bodies to lodge

Answer 25

- piriform recesses

Question 26

what happens when the mucosa of the piriform recesses gets irritated

Answer 26

- feels like you have something stuck in your throat

Question 27

what innervates the nasopharynx

Answer 27

- maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2)

Question 28

what innervates the oropharynx

Answer 28

- glossopharyngeal nerve | - cranial nerve 9

Question 29

what innervates the laryngopharynx

Answer 29

- vagus nerve | - cranial nerve 10

Question 30

two sets of lymph nodes in the head and neck

Answer 30

- superficial nodes | - deep nodes

Question 31

what forms a ring around the head and drains lymph from the face and scalp region

Answer 31

- superficial nodes

Question 32

division of the superficial nodes

Answer 32

- occipital nodes - mastoid nodes - parotid nodes - submandibular nodes - submental nodes

Question 33

all of the superficial nodes eventually drain into the

Answer 33

- deep cervical node

Question 34

what nodes drain lymph from deeper structures within the head and neck

Answer 34

- deep cervical nodes

Question 35

two groups of deep lymph nodes along the IVJ

Answer 35

- superior deep cervical nodes | - inferior deep cervical nodes

Question 36

which group of deep lymph nodes lie near the angle of the mandible

Answer 36

- superior deep cervical nodes

Question 37

which group of deep lymph nodes are associated with the lower portion of the IJV

Answer 37

- inferior deep cervical nodes

Question 38

the deep cervical nodes drain their lymph into the venous system at the _______ at the base of the neck

Answer 38

- jugulosubclavian junction (venous angle)

Question 39

deep cervical nodes positioned along the right IJV drain into the ____________ at the right venous angle

Answer 39

- right lymphatic duct

Question 40

deep cervical nodes positioned along the left IJV drain into the ________ at the left venous angle

Answer 40

- thoracic duct

Question 41

3 layers of the cervical fascia

Answer 41

- investing layer - prevertebral layer - pretracheal layer

Question 42

what layer of the cervical fascia forms a tubular sheath around deeper structures

Answer 42

- investing layer

Question 43

what layer of the cervical fascia is the tubular sheath around the vertebral column and associated muscles

Answer 43

- prevertebral layer

Question 44

what layer of the cervical fascia surrounds the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus

Answer 44

- pretrachael layer

Question 45

the posterior extension of the pretracheal layer

Answer 45

- buccopharyngeal fascia

Question 46

what is the thin extension of deep fascia that divides the region between the prevertebral fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia into two spaces?

Answer 46

- alar fascia

Question 47

what are the two spaces the alar fascia divides into

Answer 47

- retropharyngeal space | - danger space

Question 48

where is the area that represents a major pathway for the spread of infection between the neck and thorax

Answer 48

- area between the prevertebral fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia

Question 49

which part of the laryngeal skeleton is the largest and consists of the anterior prominence or Adam's apple

Answer 49

- thyroid

Question 50

which part of the laryngeal skeleton is the only part which forms a complete ring that is narrow anteriorly and tall posteriorly

Answer 50

- cricoid cartilage

Question 51

which part of the laryngeal skeleton is a leaf shaped cartilage which attaches to the thyroid cartilage

Answer 51

- epiglottis

Question 52

which part of the laryngeal skeleton are pyramidal shaped and articulate with the cricoid

Answer 52

- arytenoid cartilage

Question 53

which membrane of the larynx attaches the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

Answer 53

- thyrohyoid membrane

Question 54

which membrane of the larynx connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage

Answer 54

- cricothyroid membrane

Question 55

the lateral portions of the cricothyroid membrane extend superiorly deeper inside the thyroid cartilage as the __________

Answer 55

- conus elasticus

Question 56

the superior portion of the conus elasticus forms the

Answer 56

- vocal ligament

Question 57

what ligament attaches to the arytenoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

Answer 57

- vocal ligament

Question 58

what ligament contributes to the true vocal cord

Answer 58

- vocal ligament

Question 59

what fold is the vocal ligament covered with mucosa and known as the true vocal cord

Answer 59

- vocal fold

Question 60

what fold is the false vocal cord

Answer 60

- vestibular fold

Question 61

what is the quadrate shaped membrane covered with mucosa above the vestibular fold

Answer 61

- quadrangular membrane

Question 62

what is the superior free margin of the quadrangular membrane

Answer 62

- aryepiglottic fold

Question 63

what is the mucosa covered conus elasticus below the vocal fold

Answer 63

- triangular membrane

Question 64

what space of the larynx lies above the vestibular folds

Answer 64

- supraglottic space

Question 65

what space of the larynx lies below the vocal folds

Answer 65

- subglottic space

Question 66

what is the space in between the vestibular fold and vocal fold

Answer 66

- ventricle

Question 67

what is the aperture between the two vocal folds

Answer 67

- rima glottidis

Question 68

how is sound produced?

Answer 68

- as air passes through the laryngeal cavity between the vocal folds

Question 69

variations in ________ arises from changes in the position, tension, and length of vocal folds

Answer 69

- sound

Question 70

role of vestibular folds

Answer 70

- protect airway | - no role in sound production

Question 71

what muscles of the larynx are attached to the hyoid bone and move the hyoid bone and larynx together

Answer 71

- extrinsic muscles

Question 72

extrinsic muscles of the larynx include the

Answer 72

- suprahyoid muscles | - infrahyoid muscles

Question 73

what muscles elevate the larynx

Answer 73

- suprahyoid muscles

Question 74

what muscles depress the larynx

Answer 74

- infrahyoid muscles

Question 75

what muscles move the laryngeal cartilages thereby changing the length and tension of the vocal ligaments/cords and the opening/closing of the rima glottidis

Answer 75

- intrinsic muscles

Question 76

what muscle of the larynx is a small intrinsic muscle located along the anterolateral aspect of the larynx

Answer 76

- cricothyroid

Question 77

what muscle of the larynx tenses or stretches the vocal cord by tipping the thyroid cartilage on the underlying cricoid thereby producing higher pitch sounds

Answer 77

- cricothyroid

Question 78

what is the only muscle of the larynx that abducts (opens) the vocal cords

Answer 78

- posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 79

what nerve provides all the motor and sensory innervation to the larynx

Answer 79

- vagus nerve | - cranial nerve 10

Question 80

the vagus nerve gives rise to which branches

Answer 80

- superior laryngeal nerve | - recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 81

which nerve recurs around the right subclavian artery

Answer 81

- right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 82

which nerve recurs around the aortic arch

Answer 82

- left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 83

which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle

Answer 83

- external branch

Question 84

which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve pierces the thyroid membrane then innervates the mucosa within the larynx ABOVE the vocal cords

Answer 84

- internal branch

Question 85

which nerve ascends along the trachea and ultimately provides sensory innervation to the mucus membranes within the larynx BELOW the vocal cords and provides motor innervation to all the remaining intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 85

- recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 86

what can affect the recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting in paralysis of the local cord and hoarseness

Answer 86

- aortic aneurysm