Respiratory anatomy Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the thoracic wall?
A
Protect contents of the chest and permit movements associated with respiration
2
Q
What components comprise the thoracic wall?
A
Sternum
Vertebrae 1-12
Ribs 1-12
3
Q
What components comprise the sternum?
A
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid
4
Q
Where does the clavicle articulate with the sternum?
A
Superiolateral angle at sternoclavicular joint on the manubrium
5
Q
What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
A
Synovial saddle
6
Q
What is the notch at the superior border of the manubrium?
A
Jugular notch
7
Q
What vertebral level is the xiphoid process located at?
A
T9
8
Q
What vertebral level is the sternomanibriul joint located at?
A
T4
9
Q
What rib joins to the sternomanubrial joint?
A
2nd rib
10
Q
What are the typical ribs?
A
Ribs 3-9
11
Q
What does the head of a typical rib articulate with?
A
Vertebra of the same number and that above
12
Q
What does the tubercle of a typical rib articulate with?
A
Transverse process of the vertebra
13
Q
What contains the neuromuscular bundle in th ribs?
A
Costal groove
14
Q
What are the true ribs?
A
1-7
15
Q
What are the false ribs?
A
8-10
16
Q
What are the floating ribs?
A
11-12
17
Q
What is the structure of the 1st rib?
A
Short, wide and flat
18
Q
What are the physical differences of the first rib to the others?
A
Scalene tubercle
Grooves for subclavian veins and arteries
19
Q
Where are the grooves for the subclavian artery and vein located?
A
Artery- posterior to scalene tubercle
Vein- anterior to scalene tubercle
20
Q
What is the contained in the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic vertebra?
A
Spinal cord and meningeal membranes
21
Q
What is contained in the intervertebral notch of thoracic vertebrae?
A
Spinal nerves
22
Q
What does the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra articulate with?
A
Tubercle of rib
23
Q
What is the structure of the spinous process on a typical thoracic vertebra?
A
Long, broad, sloped down, non bified
24
Q
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cage?
A
Superior- thoracic inlet Inferior- thoracic outlet and diaphragm Anterior- sternum and costal cartilage Posterior- thoracic vertebrae Lateral- ribs 1-12
25
What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?
T1, first rib, manubrium
26
What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?
T12, ribs 11-12, costal cartilages 7-10, xiphoid
27
What forms the costal margin?
Costal cartilages 7-10
28
What are the 2 methods ribs can be attached to the sternum?
Direct or via previous costal cartilages
29
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles?
External
Internal
Innermost
30
In what direction do the external intercostal muscles run on the anterior of the thorax?
Inferioanteriorly
31
In what direction do the internal intercostal muscles run on the anterior of the thorax?
Superioanteriorly
32
How are the intercostal spaces named?
In accordance with the rib superior
33
Where is th neuromuscular bundle located?
Between the innermost and internal intercostals in the costal groove
34
What is the intercostal membrane?
A tendinous aponeurosis connecting the external/internal intercostals to the sternum/vertebrae
35
How far do external intercostals extend?
To the costochrondral joint anteriorly
36
How far do internal intercostals extend?
To the costal angle posteriorly
37
How much of the space do the innermost intercostals fill?
half
38
What completes the innermost intercostal anteriorly?
Transversus thoracis
39
What completes the innermost intercostals posteriorly?
Subcostalis
40
Where is a chest drain usually inserted?
5th intercostal space, midaxillary line
41
Wat layers does a chest drain need to go through?
Skin
Superficial and deep fascia
Intercostal muscles
Parietal pleura
42
What layer should a chest drain now cross through?
Visceral pleura
43
What causes the discontinuity of dermatomes on the chest all?
C5-8 innervate the arms
44
What organs/regions do not require lymphatic drainage?
Eyes
Inner ear
Cartilage
Brain and spinal cord
45
What are the major groups of lymph nodes?
```
Axillary
Superficial and deep inguinal
Pectorial
Tracheobronchial
Lumbar/pelvic
Superficial and deep cervical
```
46
Where does the majority of lymph from the anterior chest wall drain?
Pectorial group
47
Where does the minority of lymph from the anterior chest wall drain?
Parasternal nodes, opposite pectorial or abdominal nodes
48
Where is the base of the breast located?
Ribs 2-6
49
What does the base of the breast refer to?
The glandular part
50
How is the breast divided?
Into 16-20 lobes and smaller lobules
51
How far does the breast extend superiolaterally?
To penetrate the floor of the axilla
52
What does the diaphragm form?
Boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
53
What dome of the diaphragm is superior and why?
Right due to the presence of the liver
54
What is the structure of the central tendon?
Clower shaped fibrous periardium
55
Where is the right crura attached?
L1-3
56
Where is the left crura attached?
L1-2
57
What are the attachments of the diaphragm?
Costal cartilages 7-12
Xiphoid process
Left and right crura
58
What pass through the diaphragm at the 3 hiatuses?
Inferior vena cava
Oesophagus
Aorta
59
At what vertebral levels are the 3 hiatuses of the diaphragm and what passes through each?
```
T8= inferior vena cava
T10= Oesophagus
T12= Aorta
```
60
What innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerves are both motor and sensory to the diaphragm
61
What supplies the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?
Intercostals
62
What muscles are requires for inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
63
What muscles are used for active expiration?
Abdominals and internal intercostals
64
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
65
What is the larynx?
Set of cartilages, membranes and ligaments which produce sound from expired air and protects the inlet to the respiratory system?
66
What are the attachments of the larynx?
Hyoid bone superiorly
| Continuous inferiorly with trachea at C6
67
What supplies the larynx?
Vagus nerve for both motor and sensory
68
What creates the Adam's apple?
Thyroid cartilage
69
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Prevent solids and liquids entering laryngeal inlet
70
What type of cartilage is contained in the larynx?
Hyaline
71
What is the epiglottis made from?
Elastic cartilage
72
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
Trachea
Main bronchi and their branches
Lungs and their pleurae
73
What is the innervation of the lower respiratory tract?
Sympathetic fibres via pulmonary plexus
| Parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerves
74
At what level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4
75
What is the carina?
Bifurcation of the trachea- final cartilage ring
76
What completes the cartilage rings of the trachea posteriorly?
Trachealis muscle
77
What lies posteriorly to the trachea?
Oesophagus
78
What lies laterally to the trachea?
Vagus nerve
| Common carotid arteries in the neck
79
What lies between the trachea and oesophagus?
Trachea-oesophageal nerves
80
What are the main differences between the left and right bronchi?
Right- shorter, wider, more vertical, gives off superior branch before entering lung
Left- enters lung before giving off branches
81
What is the hilum of the lung?
Location of the root on the mediastinal surface
82
What is the root of the lung?
All of the structures entering and leaving the lung at the hilum
83
What structures are contained at the hilum?
Bronchus= most posterior
Pulmonary artery= most superior
Superior pulmonary vein= most anterior
Inferior pulmonary vein= most inferior
84
What are the lobes of the right lung?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
85
What are the lobes of the left lung?
Superior
| Inferior
86
What are the fissures of the right lung?
Transverse- superior and middle
| Oblique- middle and inferior
87
What are the fissures of the left lung?
Oblique
88
What is the pleura?
Double layer of serous membranes that surround each lung
89
What is the pleural cavity?
Space between the 2 pleura containing 3ml of pleural fluid
90
What are the 2 types of pleura and what do they line?
Visceral- lungs
| Parietal- chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum
91
What are the recesses and refections of the pleura?
Costal diaphragmatic
| Costal mediastinal
92
What is the innervation of the pleura?
Only parietal pleura had sensory innervation
Phrenic nerve supplies diaphragmatic and mediastinal
Intercostal nerves supply costal
93
Where does the trachea begin?
Cricoid cartilage at C6
94
Where does the lung extend to in the midclavicular, midaxillary and mid scapular lines?
Rib 6,8,10
95
Where does the parietal pleura extend to in the midclavicular, midaxillary and mid scapular lines?
Ribs 8,10,12
96
What does the oblique fissure run in line with?
Rib 6
97
What does the horizontal tissue run in line with?
Rib 4
98
What levels does the posterior of the rib extend to?
C7- T10
99
What are the extra pulmonary tubes?
Trachea
| Bronchi outside of the lung
100
What are the layers of the extra pulmonary tubes?
Mucousa- pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria
Submucousa
Cartilage
Adventitia
101
What comprised the respiratory epithelium?
Goblet and basal cells
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
102
What are bronchioles?
Airways of 1mm or less
| No cartilage and no glands in the walls
103
What is the epithelium in the terminal bronchioles?
Simple cuboidal
104
What is the epithelium in the alveoli?
Squamous
105
To what level are cilia found?
Respiratory bronchioles
106
To what level are the goblet cells found
Small bronchioles (not respiratory)
107
What is the lamina propria?
Thin loose connective tissue found beneath the epithelium, containing elastic fibres and smooth muscle
108
What cell types are present in the alveoli?
Type 1 pneumocytes
Type 2 pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages
