Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

where are the frontal sinuses

Answer 1

above the eyes, split in 2 by midline septum

Question 2

what nerve supplies the frontal sinuses

Answer 2

opthalmic branch of trigeminal

Question 3

where do the frontal sinuses drain

Answer 3

hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus

Question 4

where are the maxillary sinuses

Answer 4

just under the eyes/orbit in a pyramidal shape

Question 5

what nerve supplies the maxillary sinuses

Answer 5

maxillary branch of trigeminal

Question 6

where do the maxillary sinuses drain

Answer 6

hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus

Question 7

where are the ethmoid sinuses

Answer 7

labyrinth of air cells between eyes

anterior, middle, posterior

Question 8

what nerve supplies the ethmoid sinuses

Answer 8

opthalmic branch of trigeminal

Question 9

where do the ethmoid sinuses drain

Answer 9

ant = hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus
middle = ethmoid bullar
posterior = superior meatus

Question 10

where are the sphenoid sinuses

Answer 10

medial to cavernous sinus

Question 11

what nerve supplies the sphenoid sinuses

Answer 11

opthalmic branch of trigeminal

Question 12

where does the sphenoid sinus drain

Answer 12

sphenoethmoidal recess lateral to attachment of nasal septum

Question 13

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

Answer 13

base of skull to soft palate

= trigeminal maxillary branch

Question 14

what is the role of the eustachian tube

Answer 14

tube linking nasopharynx and ear = supplies air to the middle ear to equalise pressure

Question 15

what are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

Answer 15

lymphatic tissue in the roof of the nasopharynx

Question 16

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

Answer 16

soft palate to the hyoid bone

= glossopharyngeal

Question 17

where and what is the palatoglossal fold

Answer 17

arch across the oropharynx formed by projection of palatoglossal muscle to aid swallowing

Question 18

where is the hypopharynx/laryngopharynx

Answer 18

posterior to the larynx
= contain the middle/inferior pharyngeal constrictors
inferior border = cricoid cartilage C6

Question 19

what supplies motor innervation to the pharynx (except the stylopharyngeus)

Answer 19

pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

Question 20

what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID

Answer 20

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 21

what supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx

Answer 21

pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 22

what motor nerve controls swallowing in the stylopharyngeus

Answer 22

glossopharyngeal

Question 23

which structures of the larynx have a single cartilage

Answer 23

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

Question 24

which structures of the larynx have a double cartilage

Answer 24

cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid

Question 25

what nerve is responsible for the gag reflex

Answer 25

glossopharyngeal

Question 26

what nerve is responsible for the cough reflex

Answer 26

vagus

Question 27

how is food prevented from entering the oesophagus

Answer 27

1. swallowing = elevation of the hyoid bone 2. draws larynx upwards 3. this folds epiglottis downwards and blocks larynx from food - directs to oesophagus

Question 28

what are the superior vestibular folds

Answer 28

= false vocal cords | thick fold of mucous membrane each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue = vestibular liagment

Question 29

what is the role of the superior vestibular folds

Answer 29

prevent food and drink entering airway

Question 30

what are the inferior true vocal cords

Answer 30

twin inflods of mucous membrane stretched from back of larynx to front

Question 31

what is the role of the inferior true vocal cords

Answer 31

1. vibrate to modulate air expelled during phonation | 2. major source of sound in speech

Question 32

role of the pharyngeal constrictors

Answer 32

constrict pharynx to aid swallowing

Question 33

where do the pharyngeal muscles fuse together

Answer 33

midline raphe on posterior aspect

Question 34

what is the blood supply to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Answer 34

pharyngeal artery

Question 35

what does the carotid sheath contain

Answer 35

common carotid artery internal jugular vein vagus nerve accompanying cervical lymph nodes

Question 36

name 6 extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 36

``` sternohyoid omohyoid thyrohyoid sternothyroid stylohyoid mylohyoid ```

Question 37

what structures lie immeadiately behind the pharyngeal wall

Answer 37

loose areolar tissue | cervical cerebral bodies

Question 38

what forms the stellate ganglion

Answer 38

fused inferior cervical ganglia and 1st thoracic ganglia

Question 39

what does the superior laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 39

``` sensory = internal larynx from origin to vocal cords motor = cricothyroid muscle ```

Question 40

what is platysma

Answer 40

superficial muscle that overlaps sternocleidomastoid

Question 41

what innervates the sternocleidomastoid

Answer 41

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 42

what elevates the larynx

Answer 42

the suprahyoid muscles and the stylopharyngeas muscle

Question 43

what depresses the larynx

Answer 43

the infrahyoid muscles

Question 44

what level does the larynx lie

Answer 44

C4,5,6

Question 45

what is the epiglottis made of

Answer 45

elastic cartilage tissue covered in a mucous membrane

Question 46

the vagus nerve splits into

Answer 46

superior laryngeal nerve | recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 47

where is the thyroid gland bound

Answer 47

to trachea and larynx by pre-tracheal fascia

Question 48

what supplies blood to the thyroid gland

Answer 48

superior thyroid artery = upper pole | inferior thyroid artery = middle

Question 49

superior thyroid artery is a branch of

Answer 49

external carotid artery

Question 50

inferior thyroid artery is a branch of

Answer 50

thyrocervical trunk of subclavian

Question 51

what epithelium lines the nose

Answer 51

keratinised columnar epithelium at entrance, non-keratinised elsewhere

Question 52

how far does the trachea extend

Answer 52

larynx to bifurcation at T4

Question 53

what epithelium lines the trachea

Answer 53

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium | goblet cells are present

Question 54

what is the pleural cavity

Answer 54

thin fluid filled space between 2 pulmonary pleurae of each lung

Question 55

what is the pleura

Answer 55

serous membrane folds back on self to form 2 layer membranous pleural sac = parietal and visceral

Question 56

what innervates the pleura

Answer 56

phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 57

what is the surface marking for the apex of the lung

Answer 57

2.5cm above midclavicle

Question 58

right border of the lung surface marking

Answer 58

``` mid-sternal = 6th cc mid-clavicular = 8th cc mid-axilalry = 10th cc ```

Question 59

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 59

portion of the lung served by specific tertiary bronchus and arteries

Question 60

what nerve supplies the trachea

Answer 60

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 61

how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

Answer 61

10 in right 8 in left

Question 62

what enters each lung at the hilum

Answer 62

``` bronchus + bronchial artery 1 x pulmonary artery 2 x pulmonary veins lymphatics pulmonary plexus of nerves ```

Question 63

what is the diaphragm

Answer 63

sheet of skeletal muscle extend across bottom of thoracic cavity

Question 64

what nerves supply the diaphragm

Answer 64

phrenic nerves C3,4,5

Question 65

what are the openings of the diaphragm

Answer 65

oesophagus at T10 = oesophageal haitus aorta at T12 = aortic haitus IVC at T8 = caval opening

Question 66

what is the difference between the bronchi

Answer 66

right = more vertical and shorter than left

Question 67

what are the walls of bronchi made up of

Answer 67

circular cartilage and smooth muscle

Question 68

what are the divisions of the bronchi

Answer 68

main bronchus - lobar bronchus - segmental bronchus - conducting bronchiole - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole

Question 69

what is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 69

bronchioles do not have cartilage

Question 70

what are terminal bronchioles

Answer 70

most distal segment of conducting zone

Question 71

what nerve innervates the bronchus

Answer 71

vagus nerve

Question 72

sympathetic innervation of the lung causes

Answer 72

bronchodilation

Question 73

parasympathetic innervation of the lung causes

Answer 73

bronchoconstriction

Question 74

what do bronchial arteries supply

Answer 74

bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura, supporting lung tissue

Question 75

what is the role of the visceral afferent nerve fibres

Answer 75

conduct pain impulses to sensory ganglion of vagus nerve

Question 76

where do the bronchial veins drain

Answer 76

``` right = azygous vein left = hemiazygous veins ```

Question 77

what are the articulations of the clavicle

Answer 77

sternoclavicular joint | acromioclavicular joint

Question 78

what innervates the intercostal muscles

Answer 78

intercostal nerves T1-T11

Question 79

where is the sternal angle/angle of louis

Answer 79

in line lateral to 2nd rib

Question 80

what are the physical movements of breathing

Answer 80

vertical, anteroposteral, transverse = expand chest

Question 81

what are the actions of the pectoralis major

Answer 81

1. internal roation of humurus 2. adduction of humurus 3. flexion of shoulder joint 4. accessory resp muscle

Question 82

what is pectoralis major innervated by

Answer 82

lateral pectoral nerve

Question 83

what is serratus anterior innervated by

Answer 83

long thoracic nerve

Question 84

where does the azygous vein drain

Answer 84

SVC

Question 85

what is the sulcus terminalis

Answer 85

groove on external anterior aspect of heart represents SAN location

Question 86

what forms the anterior axillary fold

Answer 86

lower edge of pectoralis major

Question 87

what lies deep to the pectoralis minor muscel

Answer 87

axilla

Question 88

where does lymph from breast tissue drain

Answer 88

axillary lymph nodes

Question 89

which nerves carry sensation from the parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 89

``` parietal = T1-T12 visceral = vagus/sympathetic ```

Question 90

what is intercostal recession

Answer 90

intercostals pulled sharply in

Question 91

which special sensation is carried by glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 91

posterior 1/3rd tongue

Question 92

what structure stops liquid refluxing to back of nose during swallowing

Answer 92

soft palate

Question 93

what nerves travel through the parotid gland

Answer 93

facial nerve = 5 branches

Question 94

where does the parotid gland enter the mouth

Answer 94

through cheek and into oral cavity adjacent to crown of 2nd upper molar

Question 95

where does the submandibular gland enter the mouth

Answer 95

open on papilla beside base of tongue under tongue

Question 96

which nerves supply muscles of tongue

Answer 96

``` intrinsic/extrinsic = hypoglossal palatoglossal = vagus nerve ```

Question 97

what is the role of the sinuses

Answer 97

warm and humidify | reduce weight of skull