Respiratory Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards
(37 cards)
The Lower Airway
- The tracheobroncial Tree
* Trachea, Main Steam Bronchus, Lobar Bronchus, Segmental Bronchus, Bronchiole, Alveolar Duct, Alveolus
Histology of the tracheobronchial tree
- Epithelial lining
- Lamina Propria
- Cartilaginous layer
Mucociliary Transport
- Mucous blanket the covers the epithelial lining
- 95% water, remainder is glycoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids ect…
- Sol and Gel Layer
- Goblet cells and bronchial glands produce the mucus
- ciliary movement
What are some factors that slow the mucociliary transport system?
- Cigarette Smoke
- Dehydration
- PPV
- Suctioning
- Hypoxia
- High FI02 (Fraction of inspired air)
- Pollutants
- general anesthesia
- Anticholinergic Drugs
Trachea
11-13 CM long in diameter, Extends from the cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the 2nd costal cartilage, 16-20 C-shaped cartilage
Right main stem bronchus
Branches of the trachea at about a 25 degree angle, wider and shorter then the left main stem bronchus, (First generation)
Left main stem bronchus
Branches off the trachea at a 40-60 degree angle (First generation)
Carina
Bifurcation (When they split) of the R and L main stem, important landmark for intubation
Right Lobar Bronchi
Right main stem divides into the upper, middle and lower lobar bronchi, Cartilage forms plates around lobar bronchi, 2nd generation
Left Lobar Bronchi
left main stem divides into the upper and lower lobar bronchi, Cartilage forms plates around lobar bronchi (Second generation)
Segmental Bronchi
3rd generation, 10 segmental bronchi on the right and 8 on the left. Each segmental bronchi is named according to location within a particular lobe
Subsegmental bronchi
Progressively smaller airways, range in diameter from 1-4 mm, Connective tissue supports these airways.
- As they get down to 1 mm in size connective tissues disappears.
- 4th-9th generation
Bronchioles
- Non cartilaginous
- less then 1 mm in diameter
- no longer surrounded by connective tissue sheaths
- Found between the 10th and 15th generations
- Surrounded by spiral muscle fibers
- Epithelial cells are more cuboidal
- rigidity is low
- problem area in asthma
Terminal Bronchioles
- 16th and 19th generations, end of conducting airways.
0. 5 mm in diameter, cilia and mucous glands disappear, epithelium flattens and becomes cuboidal in shape
Canal of lambert
*Begin to appear in the terminal bronchioles, located between the terminal bronchioles and the adjacent alveoli. Collateral ventilation in disease
Clara cells
Dome-shaped, secretory cells, protect against harmful substances that may be inhaled into the lungs, Repair-stem cells, in the terminal bronchioles
Bronchial Arteries
Bronchial arteries follow the TB tree, they arise from the aorta and follow the TB tree as far as the terminal bronchioles. They loose their identity and merge with pulmonary arteries and capillaries which is part of the pulmonary vascular system.
Venous admixture
deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood, this means blood low in O2 from these veins mixes with blood high in O2 and the overall result is a slight decrease in O2 as the blood returns to the left side of the heart.
Pulmonary veins
The blood goes back to the left atrium via pulmonary veins
Veins that contribute to venous admixture
Bronchil, azygos, hemiazygos and intercostal veins
Sights of gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
Primary lobule
The three (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs) collectively. AKA acinus, lung parenchyma, and functional units.
Alveoli
- 300 million of them, 70 sq meters
- laid out would equal a tennis court
- epithelium is composed of 2 cells (type I and type II)
Type I Alveoli cell
Squamous cell, forms 95% of alveolar surface. 0.1-0.5 microns think, major site for alveolar gas exchange
