Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

WWhat is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 1

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Question 1

Why do cells require oxygen?

Answer 1

Cells use oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy as ATP

Question 2

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

Answer 2

Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 3

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

Answer 3

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 4

What are the bones of the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 4

Spine and rib cage (sternum & ribs)

Question 5

What are the muscles of the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 5

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Internal intercostals
• Sternocleidomastoids
• Scalenes
• Abdominal muscles

Question 6

What muscles of the thorax and abdomen are used for inspiration?

Answer 6

Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, external intercostals and diaphragm

Question 7

What muscles of the thorax and abdomen are used for expiration?

Answer 7

Internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles

Question 8

Which lung (left or right) has a cardiac notch?

Answer 8

left

Question 9

T or F
Both lungs (left and right) are composed of three lobes (the superior, middle and inferior).

Answer 9

F
Only the right side, The left side is composed of 2, a superior and inferior lobe.

Question 10

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 10

In the alveoli

Question 11

Trachea and bronchi are surrounded by
rings of …

Answer 11

cartilage

Question 12

T or F
Cartilage holds the airways open

Answer 12

T

Question 13

What are the trachea and bronchi important for?

Answer 13

filtering, warming and
humidifying the air

Question 14

Bronchioles are surrounded by …

Answer 14

smooth muscle

Question 15

T or F
The bronchioles can constrict and dilate

Answer 15

T

Question 16

Airway … purifies inspired air

Answer 16

epithelium

Question 17

Epithelial cells lining the airways and submucosal glands secrete … and …

Answer 17

saline
mucus

Question 18

… move the mucus layer toward the pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate matter.

Answer 18

Cilia

Question 19

Type … alveolar cells produce …

Answer 19

II
surfactant

Question 20

Type … alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange

Answer 20

I

Question 21

Gas exchange is optimised by what factors?

Answer 21

• Moist surface (gases dissolve in fluid
  before exchange)
• Factors affecting diffusion rate:
• Short diffusion distance
• Large surface area

Question 22

… prevents alveoli from collapsing

Answer 22

Surfactant

Question 23

What two factors keep the lungs inflated?

Answer 23

1. Surfactant
2. Pleural membranes

Question 24

T or F Larger alveoli produce more alveloi than smaller alveoli

Answer 24

F vice versa Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to collapse than larger alveoli due to larger inward pressure

Question 25

... enclose the lungs

Answer 25

Pleural sacs

Question 26

Pleural sacs are full of ...

Answer 26

pleural fluid

Question 27

What purpose do the pleural sacs provide for the lungs?

Answer 27

* Lowers friction between membranes * “Sticks” lungs to the thoracic wall with surface tension -> holds lungs open

Question 28

T or F The pleural cavity has a higher pressure than the atmosphere

Answer 28

F lower