Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

WWhat is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 1

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Question 1

Why do cells require oxygen?

Answer 1

Cells use oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy as ATP

Question 2

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

Answer 2

Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 3

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

Answer 3

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 4

What are the bones of the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 4

Spine and rib cage (sternum & ribs)

Question 5

What are the muscles of the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 5

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Internal intercostals
• Sternocleidomastoids
• Scalenes
• Abdominal muscles

Question 6

What muscles of the thorax and abdomen are used for inspiration?

Answer 6

Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, external intercostals and diaphragm

Question 7

What muscles of the thorax and abdomen are used for expiration?

Answer 7

Internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles

Question 8

Which lung (left or right) has a cardiac notch?

Answer 8

left

Question 9

T or F
Both lungs (left and right) are composed of three lobes (the superior, middle and inferior).

Answer 9

F
Only the right side, The left side is composed of 2, a superior and inferior lobe.

Question 10

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 10

In the alveoli

Question 11

Trachea and bronchi are surrounded by
rings of …

Answer 11

cartilage

Question 12

T or F
Cartilage holds the airways open

Answer 12

T

Question 13

What are the trachea and bronchi important for?

Answer 13

filtering, warming and
humidifying the air

Question 14

Bronchioles are surrounded by …

Answer 14

smooth muscle

Question 15

T or F
The bronchioles can constrict and dilate

Answer 15

T

Question 16

Airway … purifies inspired air

Answer 16

epithelium

Question 17

Epithelial cells lining the airways and submucosal glands secrete … and …

Answer 17

saline
mucus

Question 18

… move the mucus layer toward the pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate matter.

Answer 18

Cilia

Question 19

Type … alveolar cells produce …

Answer 19

II
surfactant

Question 20

Type … alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange

Answer 20

I

Question 21

Gas exchange is optimised by what factors?

Answer 21

• Moist surface (gases dissolve in fluid
  before exchange)
• Factors affecting diffusion rate:
• Short diffusion distance
• Large surface area

Question 22

… prevents alveoli from collapsing

Answer 22

Surfactant

Question 23

What two factors keep the lungs inflated?

Answer 23

1. Surfactant
2. Pleural membranes

Question 24

T or F
Larger alveoli produce more alveloi than smaller alveoli

Answer 24

F
vice versa
Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to
collapse than larger alveoli due to larger
inward pressure

Question 25

… enclose the lungs

Answer 25

Pleural sacs

Question 26

Pleural sacs are full of …

Answer 26

pleural fluid

Question 27

What purpose do the pleural sacs provide for the lungs?

Answer 27

• Lowers friction between
  membranes
• “Sticks” lungs to the thoracic wall with surface tension -> holds lungs open

Question 28

T or F
The pleural cavity has a higher pressure than
the atmosphere

Answer 28

F
lower