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Pharm Exam II > Respiratory and GI Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory and GI Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory drugs

A

-Mucolytics: decrease the viscosity of secretions to help prevent thick mucus from blocking respiratory pathways
-Expectorants: facilitate the production and ejection of mucus to help prevent thick mucus from blocking respiratory pathways

**both used to treat pnenumonia and COPD

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2
Q

Drugs for obstructive pulmonary disease

A
  1. Bronchodilators
    -beta-adrenergic agonists
    -Xanthine derivatives
    -Anticholinergics
  2. Inflammatory agents
    -Glucocorticoids
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3
Q

Goal of obstructive pulmonary disease meds

A

To prevent or reverse bronchial constriction and obstruction of airways by using bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents

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4
Q

How do beta-adrenergic agents work?

A

These agonists work by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors which causes bronchodilation to occur- used to prevent airway obstruction in bronchospastic diseases

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5
Q

Beta-adrenergic agents: selective vs non-selective

A

Selective:
-only stimulate beta-2 receptors
Non-Selective:
-will stimulate beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
-causes increased side effects

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6
Q

Location of beta-2 and beta-1 receptors

A

Beta 2: on respiratory smooth mm
Beta-1: on the myocardium

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7
Q

Administration of beta-adrenergic agents

A

Can be administered orally, subcutaneously, or by inhalation

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8
Q

What is the preferred method of administration of beta-adrenergic agents?

A

Inhalation: causes less side effects since not getting into systemic circulation and action of onset is more rapid
-meter-dose inhaler
-nebulizer: mixes drug with the air to make a mist that is inhaled through a mask

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9
Q

Adverse side effects of Beta-adrenergic agents

A

-prolonged use can cause tolerance
-cardiac irregularities with beta-1 receptor stimulation
-nervousness, restlessness, tremor

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10
Q

What do Xanthine Derivatives do?

A

Treat airway obstruction because it can produce bronchodilation
-unsure how bronchodilation occurs

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11
Q

Adverse effects of Xanthine Derivates

A

-toxicity (early signs: nausea, confusion, irritability, restlessness)
-cardiac arrhythmias and fatal seizures can occur

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12
Q

How do Anticholinergic drugs work?

A

these drugs block muscarinic cholinergic receptors which prevents induced bronchoconstriction and results in bronchodilation

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13
Q

What is the drugs of choice for COPD?

A

Anticholinergic drugs- by reducing the effects of acetylcholine, bronchoconstriction can be better controlled

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14
Q

Side effects of anticholinergic drugs

A

Cant see, cant pee, cant poop
-dry mouth
-constipation
-urinary retention
-tachycardia
-blurry vision
-confusion

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15
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

A powerful anti-inflammatory drug that controls inflammation induced bronchospasms

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16
Q

What is the most effective drug at controlling asthma?

A

Glucocorticoids

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17
Q

Administration of glucocorticoids

A

-can be given via IV for acute attacks of bronchoconstriction
-can also be given via inhaler or orally

18
Q

Adverse effects of glucocorticoids

A

-osteoporosis
-skin breakdown
-muscle wasting
-retardation of growth in children
-cataracts
-glaucoma
-hyperglycemia
-aggravation of diabetes and HTN

**sides effects are limited if given via inhaler

19
Q

Leukotriene inhibitors

A

Inflammatory compounds that are used to control airway inflammation with bronchoconstrictive disease
-can be combined with glucocorticoids and beta agonists to provide better management of COPD and asthma

20
Q

Asthma

A

Disease of the respiratory system with bronchial smooth muscle spasms, airway inflammation, and mucous plugging

21
Q

What is the first line of defense for long term management of asthma?

A

Glucocorticoids are given to reduce the inflammation that underlies the asthma- typically via inhalation

**these are the main treatment for asthma

22
Q

What drug can be combined with Glucocorticoids for optimal care of asthma? && What are some examples of those combined meds?

A

Beta-2 Agonists

Examples:
-Advair
-Diskus
-Symbicort

23
Q

What are the best drug choice for symptomatic asthma attacks

A

Beta-2 agonists

**Leukotriene inhibitors, beta agonists and Theophylline can all be used as supplements

24
Q

What is the overall goal for treating COPD?

A

Maintain airway patency and prevent airflow restriction

25
Q

What is the first drug of choice for COPD?

A

Anticholinergics
-long-acting beta-2 agonists as also used for bronchodilation

26
Q

What is the main goal for cystic fibrosis?

A

Maintaining airway patency

27
Q

Which drugs would be beneficial for cystic fibrosis?

A

Bronchodilators, mucolytic and/or expectorant drugs may help limit the formation of mucus plugs
-glucocorticoids can also be useful for limiting airway inflammation

28
Q

How can PTs enhance the effects of mucolytic and exectorant drugs?

A

By performing postural drainage, breathing exercises and other airway clearance techniques

29
Q

Rehab considerations for pts taking glucocorticoids

A

-pts may be prone to skin breakdown
-do not overstress their bones and musculotendinous structures since they are weakened with prolonged glucocorticoid use

30
Q

Which drugs control or limit the gastric acid in the stomach?

A

-Antacids
-H2 receptor blockers
-Proton pump inhibitors

31
Q

What do antacids do?

A

Attempt to neutralize stomach acids

32
Q

The different compositions of antacids

A

-aluminum containing
-magnesium containing
-sodium bicarbonate containing
-a combination of the above

33
Q

Side effects of antacids

A

-electrolyte imbalance
-can impact other drugs since they alter the gastric pH

DO NOT TAKE WITHIN 2 HOURS OF OTHER ORALLY ADMINISTERED DRUGS

34
Q

How do H2 receptor blockers work?

A

These drugs block H2 receptors which prevents histamine from activating the release of gastric acid

35
Q

What are H2 receptor blockers used for?

A

The acute and long-term management of peptic ulcer and other problems such as GERD

36
Q

Side effects of H2 receptor blockers

A

-HA
-dizziness
-mild GI problems
-arthralgia, myalgias
-tolerance

37
Q

How do proton pump inhibitors work (PPI)?

A

They inhibit the enzyme that is responsible for secreting acid from gastric parietal cells into the stomach- which can reduce gastric secretions by 80-95%

38
Q

What are PPIs used for?

A

Long-term management of those with gastric and duodenal ulcers and GERD

39
Q

Adverse effects of PPIs

A

-gastric acid rebound with discontinued use
-long term used is associated with gastric polyps which can lead to GI tumors
-affects calcium metabolism leading to decreased bone mineralization and risk of fractures

40
Q

T/F GI drugs are well tolerated and will not limit a patient’s participation in rehab

A

True

41
Q

What are used to treat diarrhea ?

A

Opioid derivatives- inhibit excessive peristalsis

42
Q

Which drugs a treat constipation or decreased motility?

A

Laxatives

Pharm Exam II (9 decks)

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