respiratory and renal

Question 1

the state in which the PaO2 has fallen sufficiently to cause S&S of inadequate oxygenation

Answer 1

hypoxia

Question 2

a sudden and progressive form of acute respiratory failure in which the alveolar-capillary membrane becomes damaged and more permeable to intravascular fluid

Answer 2

ARDS- acute respiratory distress syndrome

Question 3

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural spaces of the lungs

Answer 3

pleural effusion

Question 4

anterior-poster or of forward bending of spine with convexity of curve in posterior direction

Answer 4

kyphosis

Question 5

vibration of the chest wall produced by vocalization

Answer 5

fremitus

Question 6

an abnormal condition with excessive levels of red blood cells

Answer 6

polycythemia

Question 7

an abnormal condition of the pulmonary system characterized by overinflation and destructive changes in alveolar walls

Answer 7

emphysema

Question 8

a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli, reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli, and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse

Answer 8

surfactant

Question 9

an acute, life-threatening situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid, caused most commonly by heart failure

Answer 9

pulmonary edema

Question 10

a creaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change with coughing

Answer 10

pleural friction rub

Question 11

an accumulation of purulent exudates in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, that results from bacterial infection, such as pleurisy or tuberculosis

Answer 11

empyema

Question 12

a lateral S shaped curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine

Answer 12

scoliosis

Question 13

an acute inflammation of the lungs, often caused by inhaled pneumococci of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 13

pneumonia

Question 14

a form of rhonchus characterized by a continuous high-pitched squeaking sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls

Answer 14

wheezes

Question 15

vomiting of blood the indicates bleeding in the upper GI tract

Answer 15

hematemesis

Question 16

a rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely hgh intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels

Answer 16

tension pneumothorax

Question 17

antibody mediated immunity

Answer 17

humoral immunity

Question 18

greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypercarbia

Answer 18

hypercapnia

Question 19

a rare progressive neurologic disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face

Answer 19

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 20

low oxygen tension in the blood characterized by a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms

Answer 20

hypoxemia

Question 21

a techinque of exhaling against pursed lips to prolong exhalation, preventing bronchiolar collapse and air trapping

Answer 21

pursed-lip breathing

Question 22

a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed Sternberg cells, which are located in lymph nodes

Answer 22

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Question 23

an uncontrolled leakage of urine; can be caused by anthing that interferes with bladder or urethral sphincter control, including confusion or depression, infection, atrophic vaginitis, urinary retention, restricted mobility, fecal impaction, or drugs

Answer 23

urinary incontinence

Question 24

a physical examination technique in which te examiner feels the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts with the hands

Answer 24

palpation

Question 25

a surgical opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube may be inserted

Answer 25

tracheostomy

Question 26

a surgical opening in the thoracic cavity

Answer 26

thoracotomy

Question 27

a physical examination techinque in which the examiner taps the body with the fingertips or fist

Answer 27

percussion

Question 28

the direct visualization of a body structure through a lighted instrument (scope)

Answer 28

endoscopy

Question 29

inflammation of the pleura

Answer 29

pleurisy

Question 30

a retrovirus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Answer 30

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 31

the use of various postions to promote gravity drainage of bronchial secretions

Answer 31

postural drainage

Question 32

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

Answer 32

cardiac output

Question 33

an abnormal condition characterized by the collapse of alveoli, preventing the respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in a part of the lungs

Answer 33

atelectasis

Question 34

a general term for lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of dust particles

Answer 34

pneumoconiosis

Question 35

a surgical procedure done to remove fluid from the pleural space

Answer 35

thoracentesis

Question 36

a collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse

Answer 36

pneumothorax

Question 37

an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually involves the lungs, but also occurs in the larynx, kidneys, bones, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and meninges and can be disseminated throughout the body

Answer 37

tuberculosis

Question 38

the act of listening for sounds within the body to evaluate the condition of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, pleura, intestines, or other organs

Answer 38

auscultation

Question 39

shortness of breath; difficulty breathing that may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions strenous exercise, or anxiety

Answer 39

dyspnea

Question 40

immunity that is limited through specific antigen recognition by T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and natural killer cells

Answer 40

cell-mediated immunity

Question 41

a chronic inflammatory lung disease that results in airflow obstruction; characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration, and/or inspiration caused by constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and viscous mucoid bronchial secretions

Answer 41

asthma

Question 42

the continous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions

Answer 42

rhonchi

Question 43

CF) an autosomal recessive, multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the exocrine glands involving primarily the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands.

Answer 43

Cystic fibrosis

Question 44

a nonmalignant, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland caused by an increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue

Answer 44

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 45

a rare progressive neurologic disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face.

Answer 45

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 46

a thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart that travel as emboli until lodging in the pulmonary vessels.

Answer 46

Pulmonary embolism

Question 47

a maneuver that involves contraction of the chest muscles on a closed glottis with simultaneous contraction of the abdominal muscles.

Answer 47

Vasalva maneuver

Question 48

a lesion with all the histologic features of cancer except invasion.

Answer 48

Carcinoma in situ

Question 49

the spread of the cancer from the initial or primary site to a distant site.

Answer 49

Metastasis

Question 50

a constriction or narrowing.

Answer 50

Stenosis

Question 51

radiation delivery system that means “closed” treatment and consists of the implantation or insertion of radioactive materials directly into the tumor or in close proximity to the tumor.

Answer 51

Brachytherapy

Question 52

an acute, rapidly progressing, and potentially fatal form of polyneuritis possibly caused by a cell-mediated immunologic reaction directed at the peripheral nerves.

Answer 52

Guillian Barre syndrome

Question 53

a group of disorders characterized by (1) increased intraocular pressure and the consequences of elevated pressure, (2) optic nerve atrophy, and (3) peripheral visual field loss.

Answer 53

Glaucoma

Question 54

artificial airway created by inserting a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose, past the larynx, and bypassing the upper airway and laryngeal structures.

Answer 54

Endotracheal intubation

Question 55

the reaction of the nasal mucosa to a specific allergen.

Answer 55

Allergic rhinitis

Question 56

the hydrostatic force measured in the brain cerebrospinal fluid compartment.

Answer 56

Intracranial pressure

Question 57

the administration of a nutritionally balanced, liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum.

Answer 57

Enteral nutrition

Question 58

benign mucous membrane masses that form slowly in response to repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa and project into the nasal cavity.

Answer 58

Nasal polyps

Question 59

any clinically significant symptomatic condition or histopathologic alteration presumed to be secondary to reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus.

Answer 59

Gastroesophogeal reflux disorder

Question 60

a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone.

Answer 60

Fracture

Question 61

agents capable of producing cellular alterations leading to the development or increasing the incidence of neoplastic growth.

Answer 61

Carcinogens

Question 62

a method of swallowing air, trapping it in the esophagus, and releasing it to create sound.

Answer 62

Esophageal speech

Question 63

a surgical procedure in which an opening is made to allow the passage of urine from the bladder or intestinal contents from the bowel through an incision or stoma surgically created in the wall of the abdomen.

Answer 63

Ostomy

Question 64

an inflammatory disease of the heart that potentially involves all layers.

Answer 64

Rheumatic fever

Question 65

an expandable meshlike structure designed to maintain vessel patency by compressing the arterial walls and resisting vasoconstriction.

Answer 65

Stent

Question 66

a cardiac dysrhythmia characterized by a total disorganization of atrial electrical activity without effective atrial contraction.

Answer 66

Atrial fibrillation

Question 67

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

Answer 67

Pulse pressure

Question 68

a common disorder characterized by sustained elevation of blood pressure.

Answer 68

Hypertension

Question 69

the force that fluid exerts within a compartment.

Answer 69

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 70

a lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first 2 days of hospitalization.

Answer 70

Community acquired pneumonia

Question 71

a group of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of skeletal muscle without evidence of neurologic involvement.

Answer 71

Muscular dystrophy

Question 72

hypertrophy of the right side of the heart, with or without heart failure, resulting from pulmonary hypertension.

Answer 72

Cor pulmonale