Respiratory apparatus

Question 1

What parts of the trachea are there?

Answer 1

cervical part which is the ventral part of the neck.

thoracic part which is through the mediastinum.

Question 2

What is the structure of the trachea?

Answer 2

• Incomplete C-shaped cartilages.
• Connected through fibrous tissue and smooth muscle.
• Respiratory mucous continuous on from larynx and bronchi.

Question 3

What is the carnivore trachea structure?

Answer 3

• 38 - 46 cartilages
• trachea cartilages don’t meet dorsally
• trachealis muscle to attached to external side of cartilage.

Question 4

What is the swine trachea structure?

Answer 4

• 32 - 36 cartilages
• tracheal cartilages overlap each other
• muscle attached to cartilage deep surfaces

Question 5

What is the ox trachea structure?

Answer 5

• 48 - 60 cartilages

- tracheal muscle is attached to deep surface of rings.

Question 6

What is the horse trachea structure?

Answer 6

• 52 cartilages
• cartilage ends overlap
• flattened dorso-ventrally

Question 7

What is a stroma?

Answer 7

Tissues that support air passages and blood vessels

Question 8

What is parenchyma?

Answer 8

Tissues responsible for specific organ function.

Question 9

Which lung is bigger?

Answer 9

The right lung.

Question 10

What are the roots of the lung and where are they?

Answer 10

They are the bronchi, blood vessels and nerves. They are attached to the lung at the hilus.

Question 11

What is the structure of the left lung?

Answer 11

It consists of two lobes; cranial and caudal parts.

The cranial part is separated into cranial and caudal part.

Question 12

What is the structure of the right lung?

Answer 12

There are four lobes: caudal, cranial, middle and accessory.

Question 13

What are the species differences in lungs?

Answer 13

Carnivores and pigs have the general pattern.
Ruminants have the general pattern in the left but the cranial lobe of the right lung has cranial and caudal division.
Horses have no subdivisions in the left cranial lobe and the right lung has no middle lobe.

Question 14

What is another word for the accessory lobe?

Answer 14

Azygous lobe.

Question 15

What are the lung surfaces?

Answer 15

Costal, medial and diaphragmatic.

Question 16

Where is the costal surface of the lungs?

Answer 16

Against the ribs.

Question 17

Where is the medial surface of the lungs?

Answer 17

Against thoracic vertebrae and mediastinum.

Question 18

Where is the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?

Answer 18

Base of the lungs. Concave and lies diaphragm.

Question 19

What are the borders of the lungs?

Answer 19

Dorsal, ventral and basal.

Question 20

What is the pleura?

Answer 20

It’s a thin serous layer around the lungs.

There are two layers - parietal and visceral.

Question 21

Where is the parietal layer?

Answer 21

Surrounding the thoracic cavity.

Question 22

Where is the visceral layer?

Answer 22

Surrounding the lungs.

Question 23

What is the mesopulmonum?

Answer 23

It is also known as the pulmonary ligament and it lies between the parietal and viscera pleura.

Question 24

What are the three parts of the mediastinum?

Answer 24

cranial - cranial to the heart
middle - the heart
caudal - caudal to the heart

Question 25

What is the function of the mediastinum?

Answer 25

Allows unilateral pneumothorax to be bilateral.

Question 26

What is the plica vena cava?

Answer 26

the connection of pleura between vena cava and diaphragm.

Question 27

What is mediastinal recess?

Answer 27

the space between the accessory lungs, plica vena cava and mediastinum.

Question 28

What is the horse thoracic topography?

Answer 28

has 18 ribs. the diaphragm is inserted at the 18th thoracic vertebrae. heart is between the 3rd and 6th ribs.

Question 29

What is the ox thoracic topography?

Answer 29

had 13 ribs. diaphragm is inserted at the 13th rib. heart is between 3rd and 6th ribs.

Question 30

What is the dog thoracic topography?

Answer 30

has 13 ribs. diaphragm is inserted on the upper half if the 13th and lower quater of 12th rib. heart is between 3rd to 7th rib,

Question 31

What is the respiratory airway pattern?

Answer 31

bronchi ---> lobar bronchi ---> segmental bronchi ---> bronchoile ---> respiratory bronchiole ---> alveolar duct ---> alveolar saccule ---> pulmonary alveoli.

Question 32

An infraglottic obstruction is located?

Answer 32

caudally to the epiglottis region

Question 33

A normal pleural cavity

Answer 33

- negative pressure - mm of fluid - visceral space

Question 34

A damage to caudal laryngeal nerve will prevent the epiglottis from?

Answer 34

prevents it from opening

Question 35

The caudal mediastinum is not fenestrated in which animal?

Answer 35

cow

Question 36

What is the general lobe pattern in domestic species

Answer 36

4

Question 37

What is the major component at alveoli level?

Answer 37

endothelial

Question 38

A space corresponding to the backing of the 2 medstinal pleurae is what?

Answer 38

mediastinum

Question 39

What is the larynx composed of?

Answer 39

1 cricoid, 2 artynoid, 1 thyroid and 1 epiglottis.

Question 40

A pathological plerual effusion (liquid in the pleural cavity) may lead to?

Answer 40

- lung collapse - compromised respiratory bulk flow model - respiratory mechanics deficit