Respiratory: Basics

Question 1

What is normal pH levels

Answer 1

7.35 - 7.45

Question 2

what is acidosis pH levels

Answer 2

less than 7.35

Question 3

What is alkalosis pH levels

Answer 3

more than 7.45

Question 4

What is normal PaCO2 levels

Answer 4

35-45 mmHg

Question 5

What is alkalosis PaCO2 levels

Answer 5

less than 35 mmHg

Question 6

What is acidosis PaCO2 levels

Answer 6

more than 45 mmHg

Question 7

What is normal HCO3 levels

Answer 7

22-26 mEq/L

Question 8

Wat is acidosis HCO3 levels

Answer 8

less than 22 mEq/L

Question 9

What is alkalosis HCO3 levels

Answer 9

more than 26 mEq/L

Question 10

Does PaCO2 indicate respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

Answer 10

respiratory

Question 11

Does HCO3 indicate respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

Answer 11

metabolic

Question 12

What are ABGs most accurate for?

Answer 12

effectiveness of ventilation

Question 13

What is respiratory acidosis?

Answer 13

pH less than 7.35 w/ PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg

Accumulation of CO2 combined w/ water = carbonic acid = decreased pH

Question 14

What is respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 14

pH greater than 7.45 and PaCO2 less than 35mmHg

Question 15

What is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 15

HCO3 less than 22mEq/L w. pH less than 7.35

increase of noncarbonic acids (acids other than CO2) or loss of bicarbonate (bases)

Question 16

What is metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 16

HCO3 greater than 26mEq/L with pH greater than 7.45

loss of metabolic acids, increases of bicarbonate (bases)

Question 17

What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Hypoventilation or shallow breathing, Airway constriction, Damage to respiratory center in medulla

Answer 17

Respiratory acidosis

Question 18

What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease (asthma), anxiety, or high altitude, fever, anemia

Answer 18

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 19

What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Severe diarrhea, Kidney/renal failure, Diabetes, Excess alcohol ingestion, Starvation (ketoacidosis), lactic acidosis (shock, hypoxemia)

Answer 19

metabolic acidosis

Question 20

What type of acidosis/alkalosis result from: Constipation for prolonged periods, Ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate, Diuretics that cause potassium depletion, Severe vomiting

Answer 20

metabolic alkalosis

Question 21

Can increasing ventilation correct respiratory acidosis?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Is PCO2 decreased or increased in hyperventilation?

Answer 22

decreased

Increased acidity increases rate and depth of breathing which gets rid of CO2 (decrease acidity)

Question 23

is PCO2 decreased or increased in hypoventilation?

Answer 23

increased

decreased rate and depth of respiration as it allows for temporary accumulation of of carbonic acid (=increase acidicity)

Question 24

What is a low ventilation-perfusion ratio?

Answer 24

Perfusion exceeds ventilation = shunt exists

Blood bypasses alveoli without gas exchange occuring

Question 25

When would you see low VQ ratio?

Answer 25

obstruction of airways (pneumonia, atelectasis, tumor, mucus plug)

Question 26

What is a high ventilation-perfusion ratio?

Answer 26

Ventilation exceeds perfusion = dead space Alveoli does not have adequate blood supply for gas exchange to occur

Question 27

When would you see high V/Q?

Answer 27

pulmonary emboli, pulmonary infarction, cardiogenic shock

Question 28

When would you see and absence of ventilation and perfusion?

Answer 28

pneumothorax and ARDS

Question 29

Define restrictive lung disease

Answer 29

decreased compliance of lung tissue = more effort to expand lungs during inspiration

Question 30

What conditions are included in restrictive lung disease? (7)

Answer 30

Aspiration, Atelectasis, Pneumonia, Pleural Effusion, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary Edema, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Question 31

Define obstructive lung disease

Answer 31

airway obstruction that is worse with expiration

Question 32

What conditions are included in obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 32

Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Emphysema