respiratory circulation

Question 1

3 components of the circulatory system

Answer 1

pump - heart / contractile vessels,
vessels - vascular system,
medium - blood / haemolymph

Question 2

what animals use open circulation

Answer 2

arthropods and some molluscs

Question 3

how does open circulation work

Answer 3

pump with artery that leads in to haemocoel or open body cavity
then flows into veins and returns to pump

Question 4

what animals use closed circulation

Answer 4

molluscs, annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates

Question 5

describe the size of blood vessels in a closed system

Answer 5

large diameter arteries and veins promote rapid flow
small diameter capillaries create leisurely flow in the diffusion zone

Question 6

what are 2 types of circulatory pump and what animals use them

Answer 6

peristaltic heart - arthropods and annelids
chambered heart - vertebrates, many arthropods and molluscs

Question 7

how does a peristaltic heart work

Answer 7

a series of contractions of muscles to move fluid in one direction = peristaltic wave

Question 8

what separates the chambers in an arthropods heart

Answer 8

ostia

Question 9

how many chambers in a fish heart and how many of these are pumping chambers

Answer 9

4
2 which pump

Question 10

how many pumping chambers in a double circulatory system

Answer 10

4

Question 11

explain the role of the ventricles

Answer 11

R ventricle pumps blood to lungs to be oxygenated
L ventricle pumps blood around body once oxygenated

Question 12

where is the tricuspid valve

Answer 12

between the R atrium and ventricle

Question 13

what valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 13

mitral valve

Question 14

where is the pulmonary valve located

Answer 14

between the R ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 15

what valve lies between the L ventricle and aorta

Answer 15

aortic valve

Question 16

what is responsible for initating contractions in the heart

Answer 16

pacemaker cells

Question 17

what is the main pacemaker

Answer 17

sinoatrial node

Question 18

which node propegates action potentials to ventricles

Answer 18

atrioventricular node

Question 19

how does the atrioventricular node stimulate contraction of the ventricles

Answer 19

through the purkinje fibres

Question 20

explain the electrical flow in the heart

Answer 20

calcium ions move in making membrane less negative = depolarisation
action potential crosses threshold triggering influx of calcium ions = large depolarisation
calcium ion gates shut, large movement of potassium ions out of membrane

Question 21

how does the efficiency of amphibian circulatory system compare to mammals and birds

Answer 21

less efficient

Question 22

how do arteries maintain high velocity flow

Answer 22

elastic recoil

Question 23

what is the role of arterioles

Answer 23

control flow via constriction and dilation

Question 24

what do capillaries have to maintain unidirectional flow

Answer 24

sphincters

Question 25

how many chambers in an amphibian heart

Answer 25

3

Question 26

what are 4 components of blood

Answer 26

plasma, ions, nutrients, waste, gases, proteins, lipoproteins, cells and cell fragments

Question 27

what are 4 components of haemolymph

Answer 27

water, ions, nutrients, waste, gases, proteins, lipoproteins

Question 28

what are the immune cells found in haemolymph

Answer 28

hemocytes

Question 29

what can be found in the haemolymph instead of red blood cells

Answer 29

respiratory pigments

Question 30

what is the respiratory pigment in vertebrates

Answer 30

haemoglobin

Question 31

what metal is in haemoglobin

Answer 31

iron

Question 32

what animal has the smallest haemoglobin molecule

Answer 32

hagfish

Question 33

what is the only adult animal lacking haemoglobin

Answer 33

Antarctic icefish

Question 34

what is the structure of vertebrate haemoglobin

Answer 34

4 polypeptide chains arranged in a tetramer

Question 35

what is different about bird haemoglobin

Answer 35

still has nucleus and other organelle

Question 36

what is the respiratory pigment in molluscs, cephalopods and annelids

Answer 36

haemocyanin

Question 37

what metal is haemocyanin made of

Answer 37

copper

Question 38

is oxygen binding in haemoglobin reversible

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

what is P50 a measure of

Answer 39

partial pressure of oxygen required for 50% oxygen saturation

Question 40

what is myoglobin

Answer 40

monomer with high oxygen affinity, storing oxygen in muscles

Question 41

what polypeptide chains are found in fetal haemoglobin that are not present in adults

Answer 41

gamma chains

Question 42

what form is carbon dioxide transported in the blood

Answer 42

as bicarbonate

Question 43

what true about fetal haemoglobin in comparison with the mother

Answer 43

fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for oyxgen in order to take oxygen from the mothers blood

Question 44

where is carbon dioxide transported

Answer 44

in plasma as it has higher solubility

Question 45

what is the reaction between carbon dioxide and water

Answer 45

Bohr effect

Question 46

what catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water

Answer 46

carbonic anhydrase

Question 47

in the reaction between water and carbon dioxide, protons are produced. Where do these bind to and why

Answer 47

bind to haemoglobin so that blood does not become more acidic

Question 48

what happens to haemoglobin when back at the lungs and what is the name of this effect

Answer 48

oxygen binds to haemoglobin causing carbon dioxide and protons to be released = Haldane effect

Question 49

what are 4 modulators of oxygen affinity

Answer 49

carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, organic phosphates (ATP, DGP)

Question 50

what is the effect of having high P50

Answer 50

haemoglobin has higher affinity and releases more oxygen more readily at tissues

Question 50

what has higher P50 - small or large mammals

Answer 50

small