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Pathophysiology > Respiratory Conditions > Flashcards

Respiratory Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

sense changes in pH (increased CO2) of CSF

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2
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

Sense changes in paCO2 but primarily sensitive to PaO2

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3
Q

PaO2 and normal range

A

Partial pressure of oxygen. The diffused oxygen in the arteries and arterioles. Very sensitive indicator of gas exchange impairment. Indicator of oxygen availability in blood.
Want it between 60-100

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4
Q

Perfusion

A

Exchange of gasses in the lungs

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5
Q

Ventilation

A

Air entering the lungs and respiratory tract

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6
Q

Most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction is…

A

Low oxygen (pulmonary hypotension)

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7
Q

Respiratory Defense Mechanisms

A
  • Filtration of air
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • IgA antibodies
  • Cough reflex
  • Reflex bronchoconstriction
  • Alveolar macrophages
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8
Q

Diagnostic Studies for Respiratory Disorders (PVAX)

A

P - pulmonary function tests
V - ventilation/perfusion scan
A - arterial blood gas
X - chest X-ray

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9
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

A
  • Assess for hypoxemia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
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10
Q

Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan

A
  • for diagnosis of PE (pulmonary embolism)
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11
Q

Chest X-ray

A

Enlarged airways & check for pneumonia

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12
Q

Pulmonary Function Tests

A
  • Spirometry
  • Forced spirometry
  • Peak flow meter
  • Lung volume test
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13
Q

FVC

A

Forced vital capacity. Measuring the vital capacity that an individual can expire in one breath

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14
Q

FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

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15
Q

SaO2

A

Oxygen saturation. Percentage of available binding sites on hemoglobin that are bound with oxygen in arterial blood.
normal values 95-100%

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16
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced level of tissue oxygenation. Can be due to defective delivery of oxygen or defective utilization of oxygen by the tissue.

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17
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

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18
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Elevated CO2 in the blood

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19
Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • relationship between SaO2 and PaO2

- tells us our oxygen saturation and how a condition impacts our bodies way of releasing oxygen

20
Q

What is Atelectasis and when is it common

A

Collapse of alveoli or lung tissue common after surgery

21
Q

Those at risk for atelectasis

A
  • Older adults
  • Obese
  • Bedridden
  • Smoking hx
22
Q

How do nurses prevent atelectasis (main goal)

A
  • Frequent position changes
  • early ambulation
  • DB&C
  • Incentive spirometry
  • Pain meds, with caution (can lead to respiratory depression)
23
Q

Treatment of underlying causes of Atelectasis

A
  • O2 administration
  • Postural drainage
  • physiotherapy
  • Tracheal suctioning
24
Q

What is pneumonia

A
  • acute infection of lung “paranchyma” caused by a microbial agent
  • associated with a marked increase in interstitial fluid & alveolar fluid
  • leading cause of death and hospitalization in older people and people with chronic disease
25
Q

Predisposing Factors for Pneumonia (6)

A
  1. Older adults
  2. Smoking
  3. Bedrest
  4. Intubation
  5. People with HIV (immunocompromised)
  6. Upper respiratory tract infection
26
Q

Types of Pneumonia (7)

A
  1. Lobar
  2. Lobular of Bronchopneumonia
  3. Community acquired
  4. Hospital acquired
  5. Fungal
  6. Aspiration
  7. Opportunistic
27
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A

Consolidation of one lobe and of one lung

28
Q

Lobular of Bronchopneumonia

A

Patchy consolidation throughout the lung

29
Q

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia, mycoplasma, mycobacterium tuberculosis, legionella, chlamydia, viral
30
Q

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

A
  • Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, S. aureus, MRSA, S. pneumonia
31
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Pneumonia

A

Green/yellow sputum, fever, shaking, chills, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, headache
Older adults: confusion, lower body temp

32
Q

Diagnostic tests

A

chest x-ray

Sputum C&S provides diagnosis of specific bacteria or virus causing pneumonia

33
Q

Subjective Data Pneumonia

A

health history
Symptoms
Fever/weakness/fever/chills

34
Q

Objective Data Pneumonia

A 
General
Respiratory status
Cardiovascular and neurological 
Blood work 
VS
35
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Pneumonia (5)

A
  1. Ineffective breathing pattern
  2. Ineffective airway clearance
  3. Acute pain
  4. Imbalance nutrition: less than body requirement
  5. Impaired gas exchange
36
Q

Care for Pneumonia (FVANS)

A 
F - fluid & electrolyte management 
V - vaccines
A - antibiotic therapy 
N - Nutrition support 
S - Supportive measures (oxygen, analgesics, antipyretics, bronchodilators, postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, suctioning)
37
Q

What is Tuberculosis

A
  • bacterial infection that usually involves the lungs
  • caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • kills more people worldwide than any other infectious disease
38
Q

How is TB spread?

A
  • Spread via airborne droplets
  • Not highly infectious
  • Spread via lymphatic system and grows in favourable environments: Kidneys, adrenals, bones, brain, lungs
39
Q

TB in its latent phase

A
  • Majority of people have mount effective immune response to encapsulate TB organisms, preventing primary infection from progressing disease
  • reactivation of TB can occur if host’s defense mechanisms become impaired
40
Q

Clinical Manifestations of TB (Systemic)

A
  • fatigue, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fevers, night sweats, chest pain (dull or tight), hemoptysis
41
Q

Acute manifestations of TB

A
  • high fever, chills, generalized flulike symptoms, pleuritic pain, productive cough
42
Q

Diagnostic Studies for TB

A

TB skin test - positive reaction 2-12 weeks after initial infection
Chest X-ray
Bacteriological studies - sputum test for acid-fast bacilli (3 consecutive samples)

43
Q

Collaborative Care for TB

A
  • antimicrobial drugs are mainstay of treatment. aggressive. combination of 4 drugs.
  • follow up bacteriological studies & chest x-ray. (sputum samples weekly then monthly)
  • long-term follow up to ensure adherence to treatment regimen.
  • follow up for 12 months after completion of therapy
44
Q

Nursing management of TB

A
  • place in respiratory isolation in negative-pressure room
  • N-95 mask
  • four drug therapy
  • teach patient to cover mouth and nose when producing sputum
  • careful hand washing
  • identification of contacts to determine possibility of infection
45
Q

Four Drugs for TB (PRISE)

A
  1. Pyrazinamide
  2. Rifampin
  3. Isoniazid
  4. Streptomycin & Ethambutol

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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