Respiratory Conditions

Question 1

What is the Nose’s role

Answer 1

Humidified and warms air and filters small particles

Question 2

What does the trachea split into

Answer 2

Bifurcated into the right and left bronchi at a junction known as the carina or angle of Louis

Question 3

What are located in the lung?

Answer 3

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 4

What are the bronchiole encircled by and what do they do?

Answer 4

Smooth muscles that constrict and dilate in response to stimuli

Question 5

What is bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation ?

Answer 5

Increase and decrease in diameter of the airways through contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 6

What are alveoli responsible for?

Answer 6

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 7

What occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane ?

Answer 7

Exchange of gases via diffusion

Question 8

How to assess the ability to oxygenate arterial blood?

Answer 8

Examination of PaO2 and SaO2.

Question 9

What are the chest wall structure muscles that aid in respiration?

Answer 9

Ribs
Pleura
Respiratory muscles

Question 10

What is the chest cavity lined with ?

Answer 10

Partial pleura

Question 11

What are lungs lined with?

Answer 11

Visceral pleura

Question 12

What allows the pleural layers to slide over during respiration?

Answer 12

Fluid like lubricant in the pleura

Question 13

What is the mains respiratory muscle ?

Answer 13

Diaphram

Question 14

What does ventilation involve ?

Answer 14

Inspiration and expiration

Question 15

Due to what pressure does air move in and out of the lungs?

Answer 15

Intrathoracic pressure changes

Question 16

What increases chest dimensions ?

Answer 16

Contraction of diaphragm, intercostal and scalene muscles

Question 17

What allows the elasticity of lung tissue ?

Answer 17

Elastin fibres found in the alveolar walls and surrounding bronchiole and capillaries

Question 18

How does the intrathoracic pressure rise ?

Answer 18

Recoil of the chest wall and lungs removing air from the lungs

Question 19

What is compliance ?

Answer 19

Measure of the ease of explanation of the lungs

Question 20

How do we assess the efficiency of gas transfer in the lungs ?

Answer 20

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)
mixed venous blood gases
Oximetry

Question 21

What does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata respond to and how does the impulses travel to the respiratory muscles?

Answer 21

Chemical and mechanical signals; they travel through the spinal cord and the phrenic nerves

Question 22

What help to regulate ventilation?

Answer 22

Chemoreceptors (central and peripheral)

Question 23

What do mechanical receptors help to control ?

Answer 23

Respiration stimulated by physiological factors I.e. irritants, muscles stretching.

Question 24

What are the respiratory defence mechanisms ?

Answer 24

Air filtration
Mucociliary clearance
Reflex bronchoconstriction
Alveolar macrophages

Question 25

What are the changes to respiratory system with ageing ?

Answer 25

Decline in respiratory muscle strength Decrease in number of functional alveoli and elasticity Higher risk of respiratory tract infections.

Question 26

List 3 restrict pulmonary disorders

Answer 26

Pneumonia Asbestosis Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 27

List 3 obstructive pulmonary disorders

Answer 27

Asthma COPD Cystic fibrosis

Question 28

What is pleurisy and what is it caused by ?

Answer 28

Inflammation of the pleura, caused by chest infections, trauma to the chest and neoplasms

Question 29

How to diagnose pleurisy

Answer 29

Blood test Chest xray Needle biopsy of pleural fluid Bronchoscopy

Question 30

Treatment of pleurisy

Answer 30

Analgesia and antibiotic Although dependant on primary cause

Question 31

What is bronchiectasis

Answer 31

Permanent and abnormal dilation of medium sized bronchi

Question 32

What is bronchiectasis caused by?

Answer 32

Inflammation - infection Accumulation of thick mucous Damage of bronchial structures

Question 33

Clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis

Answer 33

Persistent cough Wheezing Clubbing fingers Dyspnoea

Question 34

How do we diagnose and treat bronchiectasis

Answer 34

Chest xray CT chest (high resolutions) Sputum sample Pulmonary function tests

Question 35

Nursing management of bronchiectasis

Answer 35

Regular vitals and respiratory assessment Promote drainage of mucus secretions Medication administration

Question 36

What is asthma and what triggers it ?

Answer 36

Chronic inflammation of the airway, triggered by cross linking of allergen s with immunoglobulin on mast cells

Question 37

What are the classifications according to my to severity of asthma?

Answer 37

Intermittent Mild persisten Moderate persistent Severe persistent

Question 38

Complications of asthma

Answer 38

Insomnia Depression Respiratory failure

Question 39

Mechanism of action of B-adrenoceptir agonists ? Salbutamol (SABAs) Salmeterol and formoterol (LABAs)

Answer 39

Activate the b2-adrenoceptors in bronchial smooth muscles causing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

Question 40

Adverse reactions of B-adrenoceptor agonists Salbutamol (SABAs) salmeterol and formoterol (LABAs)

Answer 40

Reflex Trachycardia Headache Palpitations

Question 41

Contraindications of B-adrenoceptor agonists Salbutamol (SABAs) Salmeterol and Formoterol (LABAs)

Answer 41

Antagonises the effects of b2 agonists which may precipitate asthma

Question 42

Mechanisms of action of corticosteroids Inhaled: beclomethasone, bedesonide, fluticason Oral: prednisolone, dexamethasone

Answer 42

Binds to specific glucocorticoid receptors, facilitating or inhibiting transcription. Inhibits production of COX enzymes

Question 43

Adverse effects of corticosteroids Inhaled: beclomethasone, bedesonide, fluticason Oral: prednisolone, dexamethasone

Answer 43

Dysphonia Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Weight gain

Question 44

Contraindications of corticosteroids Inhaled: beclomethasone, bedesonide, fluticason Oral: prednisolone, dexamethasone

Answer 44

Hypersensitivity

Question 45

Mechanism of action for anticholinergics

Answer 45

Inhibits the effect of cholinergic nerves, causing the muscles to relax and airways to dilate

Question 46

Mode of transmission for anticholinergics ?

Answer 46

MDI (metered dose inhaler) or nebuliser

Question 47

Adverse effects of anticholinergics

Answer 47

Dizziness Dry mouth GI upset Nausea