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SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS > RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

A
  • Type of disease that affects the lungs and other types of the respiratory system
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2
Q

S&S OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Cough
  • Chest px
  • Wheeze
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Chest infections
  • Mucus production coughing up blood
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3
Q

CAUSES OF COUGH - ACUTE COUGH

A
  • Common cold
  • Influenza (flu)
  • Inhaling an irritant (smoke, dust, chemicals or foreign body)
  • Pneumonia
  • Whooping cough
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4
Q

CAUSES OF COUGH - CHRONIC COUGH

A
  • Allergies
  • Asthma (most common in children)
  • Bronchitis
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Postnasal drip
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5
Q

CAUSES OF COUGH - OTHER

A
  • Acute sinusitis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Chocking: first aid
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • COVID-19
  • Croup
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Emphysema
  • Heart failure
  • Laryngitis
  • Lung cancer
  • ACE inhibitor use
  • Neuromuscular diseases
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Tuberculosis
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6
Q

SPEUTUM - DEFINITION

A
  • Sputum is matter expectorated from the respiratory system
  • It is composed of mucus but may contain pus, blood, fibrin or microorganisms in diseased states
  • It is produced when a persons lungs are diseases ir damaged
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7
Q

SPEUTUM - COLOURS

A
  • White - May mean allergies or viral infection
  • Green - May mean bacterial infection
  • Red - May mean lung injury or malignancy
  • Brown - May indicate lung disease
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8
Q

SPEUTUM - CAUSES OF CHANGES

A
  • Smoking
  • Asthma
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Respiratory tract infections
  • Covid
  • Flu
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
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9
Q

HAEMOPTYSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Coughing up blood from the lungs
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10
Q

HAEMOPTYSIS - CAUSES

A
  • Infection - Bronchitis, Pneumonia
  • Bronchiectasis - Disease where the large airways in the lungs are damaged
  • COPD
  • Lung cancer
  • Tuberculosis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Lung abscess
  • Lung injury
  • Having something stuck in the airway
  • Using drugs
  • Having fluid in the lungs due to a heart condition
  • Anticoagulant therapy
  • Having cystic fibrosis
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11
Q

HAEMOPTYSIS - SYMPTOMS

A
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Night sweats
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
  • Chest px
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12
Q

BREATHLESSNESS

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Intense tightening of the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation
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13
Q

BREATHLESSNESS - RESP CAUSES

A
  • Asthma
  • Chest infection
  • Being overweight
  • Smoking
  • Panic attack
  • COPD
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Heart failure
  • Lung cancer
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14
Q

BREATHLESSNESS - CVS CAUSES

A
  • Angina
  • Heart attack
  • Heart failure
  • Some abnormal heart rhythms - Atrial fibrillation
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15
Q

BREATHLESSNESS - GI CAUSES

A
  • Any condition that leads to the build up of air or foodstuffs could cause both bloating anf breathlessness
  • Stool inside the intestines
  • IBS
  • Celiac disease
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Constipation
  • Ileus
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Gastroparesis
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16
Q

ASTHMA - DEFINITION

A
  • Airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus
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17
Q

ASTHMA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Female adults
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18
Q

ASTHMA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Blood relative with asthma
  • Overweight
  • Smoker
  • Exposure to second hand smoke
  • Exposure to exhaust fumes
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19
Q

ASTHMA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • May have infrequent asthma attacks
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest tightness or pain
  • Wheezing when exhaling, common in children
  • Trouble sleeping caused by shortness if breath
  • Worsening signs - more frequent and bothersome, inc difficulty breathing, need to use quick-relief inhaler
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20
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inherited disorder that causes severe damage to lungs, digestive system and other organs
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21
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CAUSE

A
  • Mutation in a gene - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene- changes protein that regulates movement of salts in and out of cells
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22
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Northern Europeans
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23
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Family Hx
  • Most common in Northern European ancestry
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24
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Variable
  • May not experience symptoms until teenage years or adulthood
  • Tend to have higher salt in sweat, parents can tell when kissing their children
  • Respiratory - Persistent cough that produces thick mucus, Wheezing, Exercise intolerance, Repeated lung infections, Recurrent sinusitis
  • Digestive - Thick mucus can block rubes that carry digestive enzymes from pancreas to small intestines - without these unable to absorb nutrients from food resulting in - Foul smelling stools, Poor weight gain and growth, Intestinal blocks particularly in new-borns, Chronic or severe constipation
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25
Q

LUNG CANCER - DEFINITION

A
  • Types:
    1. Small cell - almost exclusively in heavy smokers
    2. Non-small cell - umbrella term for several types, includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma
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26
Q

LUNG CANCER - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • 65+
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27
Q

LUNG CANCER - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Exposure to second hand
  • Previous radiation therapy
  • Family Hx of lung cancer
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28
Q

LUNG CANCER - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Rarely symptoms in early stages
  • New cough that doesn’t go away
  • Coughing up blood
  • Chest pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Hoarseness
  • Losing weight
  • Bone pain
  • Headache
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29
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX - DEFINITION

A
  • Collapsed lung
  • Occurs when air leaks into space between lung and chest wall
  • Air pushes on outside of lung and it collapses
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30
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Tall, thin people
  • Smokers
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31
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Genetics
  • Previous pneumothorax
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32
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Sudden chest pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Severity depends on how much lung is collapsed
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33
Q

EMPHYSEMA - DEFINITION

A
  • Lung condition causing shortness of breath
  • Reduces surface area of lungs→reduced oxygen to bloodstream
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34
Q

EMPHYSEMA - CAUSE

A
  • Long-term exposure to airborne irritants e.g., tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes and dust
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35
Q

EMPHYSEMA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Cigarette smokers
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36
Q

EMPHYSEMA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Age- 40-60
  • Exposure to second-hand smoke
  • Occupational exposure to fumes or dust
37
Q

EMPHYSEMA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Can have it many years without noticing
  • Main symptom is shortness of breath, so doesn’t become a problem until it interferes with daily life
  • Causes shortness of breath whilst at rest
38
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Productive cough that lasts at least three months, with recurring bouts occurring at least two consecutive years
39
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza)
  • Smoking, Air pollution, Dust, Toxic gas from enviro
40
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

65+

41
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Cough
  • Production of mucus = clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Slight fever/chills
  • Chest discomfort
  • Potential body aches, mild headache
42
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Cough
  • Production of mucus = clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Slight fever/chills
  • Chest discomfort
  • Potential body aches, mild headache
43
Q

COMMON COLD - DEFINITION

A
  • An infection of the nose and throat. Caused by a virus and is not treated with antibiotics
44
Q

COMMON COLD - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Adults 2-3 colds per year
  • Children 5-8 colds per year
45
Q

COMMON COLD - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Age
    • Infants and young children most likely to get a cold
  • Weakened immune system
  • Time of year
    • Fall or winter most common
    • Can get it any time though
  • Smoking
  • Exposure
46
Q

COMMON COLD - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Symptoms usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus
  • Runny nose
  • Sore throat
  • Cough
  • Congestion
  • Slight body aches or a mild headache
  • Sneezing
  • Low-grade fever
  • Generally feeling unwell
47
Q

COVID - DEFINITION

A
  • A contagious respiratory disease caused by infection with the virus SARS-CoV-2
48
Q

COVID - CAUSE

A
  • Caused by infection with the virus SARS-CoV-2
49
Q

COVID - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Older people
  • Immunosuppressed people
50
Q

COVID - RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING DANGEROUS SYMPTOMS

A
  • Older age
  • Having other serious health problems - Heart or lung conditions especially
  • Weakened immune systems
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
51
Q

COVID - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Fever
  • Dry cough
  • Tiredness
  • Muscle aches
  • Sore throat
  • Runny or stuffy nose
  • New loss of taste or smell
52
Q

STREP THROAT - DEFINITION

A
  • A bacterial infection that can make your throat feel sore and scratchy
53
Q

STREP THROAT - CAUSE

A
  • Caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus
54
Q

STREP THROAT - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Children
55
Q

STREP THROAT - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Young age - More common in children
  • Time of year - Can occur anytime but it tends to circulate most in winter and early spring
56
Q

STREP THROAT - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Throat px that usually comes on quickly
  • Painful swallowing
  • Red and swollen tonsils, sometimes with white patches or streaks of pus
  • Tiny red spots on the area at the back of the roof of the mouth
  • Swollen, tender lymph nodes in your neck
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Rash
  • Nausea or vomiting, especially in younger children
  • Body aches
57
Q

STREP THROAT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Will not go away on its own
  • Treatment is antibiotics
    • Penicillin and amoxicillin are most common
58
Q

TONSILLITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • When the tonsils at the back of your throat become swollen
59
Q

TONSILLITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Most often caused by common viruses (viral tonsillitis)
  • Bacteria can also cause it (bacterial tonsillitis)- Most common bacteria causing tonsillitis is bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus
60
Q

TONSILLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Children between preschool ages and midteenage years
61
Q

TONSILLITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Young age - Most common in people 5-15
  • Frequent exposure to germs
62
Q

TONSILLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Red, swollen tonsils
  • White or yellow coating or pathches on the tonsils
  • Sore throat
  • Difficult or painful swallowing
  • Fever
  • Enlarged, tender lymph nodes in the neck
  • Scratchy, muffled or throaty voive
  • Bad breath
  • Stomach ache
  • Neck px or stiff neck
  • Headache
  • Other symptoms seen in young children include
    • Drooling due to difficult or painful swallowing
    • Refusal to eat
    • Unusual fussiness
63
Q

LARYNGITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inflammation of your larynx (voice box) from overuse, irritation or infection
64
Q

LARYNGITIS - ACUTE

A
  • Viral infections similar to those that cause a cold
  • Vocal strain, caused by yelling or overusing your voice
65
Q

LARYNGITIS - CHRONIC

A
  • Usually caused by exposure to irritants over time
  • Inhaled irritants such as chemical fumes, allergens or smoke
  • Acid reflux, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Excessive alcohol use
  • Habitual overuse of your voice
  • Smoking
66
Q

LARYNGITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Most common in adults aged 18 – 40
67
Q

LARYNGITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Having a respiratory infection
  • Exposure to irritating substances
  • Overusing your voice
68
Q

LARYNGITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Hoarseness
  • Weak voice or voice loss
  • Tickling sensation and rawness in throat
  • Sore throat
  • Dry throat
  • Dry cough
69
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inflammation of lining of bronchial tube, which carries air from lungs
70
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Can affect all ages, most common in children under 5
71
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smokers
  • Low resistance - may result from another acute illness such as a cold
  • Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles
  • Gastric reflux - repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
72
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Cough
  • Production of mucus = clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Slight fever/chills
  • Chest discomfort
  • Potential body aches, mild headache
73
Q

BRONCHIOLITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Common lung infection
  • Causes inflammation and congestion in bronchioles
74
Q

BRONCHIOLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Young children and infants
  • Peal time is during winter
75
Q

BRONCHIOLITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Premature birth
  • Underlying heart or lung conditions
  • Depressed immune system
  • Exposure to tobacco smoke
76
Q

BRONCHIOLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Early- runny/stuffy nose, cough, slight fever (not always present)
  • After this may be a week or more of difficulty breathing or whistling of nose
  • Many infants have an ear infection (otitis media)
77
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - DEFINITION

A
  • Highly contagious respiratory tract infection
78
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - CAUSE

A
  • Bacteria called Bordetella perussis
79
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Mainly affects children too young to finish full course of Antibiotics or teens/adults whose immunity has faded
80
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - RISK FACTORS

A
  • When vaccine wears off
  • Infants under 12 months who are unvaccinated or haven’t received full set have highest risk for severe complications and death
81
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Once infected, takes about 7-10 days to show symptoms
  • Runny nose
  • Nasal congestion
  • Red, watery eyes
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • After week or two - provoke vomiting, red/blue face, extreme fatigue, end with high pitched ‘whoop’ sound during next breath of air
82
Q

PNEUMONIA - DEFINITION

A
  • Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs
  • Sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing
83
Q

PNEUMONIA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Children under 2
  • Adults over 65
84
Q

PNEUMONIA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Most serious for infants and young children (under 2)
  • People over 65
  • Health problems/weakened immune system
  • Being hospitalised
  • Smoking
85
Q

PNEUMONIA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Mild to severe
  • Chest pain when coughing or beathing
  • Confusion (65+)
  • Cough, may produce phlegm
  • Fatigue
  • Fever, sweating and shaking chills
  • Lower body temperature
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
  • New-borns may not show signs
86
Q

TUBERCULOSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Potentially serious disease that mainly affects lungs
  • Inc prevalence in 1985 post HIV outbreak as HIV weakness immune system
87
Q

TUBERCULOSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Children under 5
  • Adults in their productive years
88
Q

TUBERCULOSIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Diabetes
  • Severe kidney disease
  • Some drugs with treat rheumatoid diseases
89
Q

TUBERCULOSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Latent TB - have TB but bacteria in body are inactive and cause no symptoms, treatment important to prevent it becoming active
  • Active TB - show symptoms, can spread to others, can occur weeks or years after TB bacteria infection
  • Coughing for 3 or more weeks
  • Coughing up blood or mucus
  • Night sweats
  • Loss of appetite
  • Chest pain especially when coughing or breathing

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS (13 decks)

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