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CP Exam 2 > Respiratory Control > Flashcards

Respiratory Control Flashcards

1
Q

List the four major respiratory centers in the brainstem

A
  • Pre-Botzinger
  • Pontine respiratory group
  • Dorsal respiratory group
  • Ventral respiratory group
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2
Q

Describe the four major respiratory centers in the brainstem, comparing and contrasting their locations and hypothesized roles in respiratory control

- Pre-Botzinger-Location?
                   - Role in respiratory control?
A
  • Located in the medulla

- Generates “core” rhythm

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3
Q

Pontine respiratory group

 - location?
 - Role in respiratory control?
A
  • Located in the pons

- Modifies inspiratory timing (activity–>turns off inspiration)

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4
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

    - Location?
    - Role in respiratory control?
A
  • Located in the medulla

- Controls depth of breathing (tidal volume)

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5
Q

Ventral respiratory group

- Location?
- Role in respiratory control?
A
  • Located in the medulla

- Controls inspiration, expiration, and depth

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6
Q

Compare and contrast apneusis and apnea

-Apneusis-appearance?

A

Maintained inspiratory discharge

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7
Q

-Apneusis-results from?

A

Pontine damage

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8
Q

Apneusis-Effects?

A

Slight delay, but then increased CO2, decreased O2, and death if not supported

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9
Q

Apnea-Appearance?

A

Absence of respiratory effort (no inspiration)

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10
Q

Apnea-results from?

A

Medullary or spinal damage

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11
Q

Apnea-Effects?

A

Increased CO2, decreased O2, death if not supported

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12
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

A neuron that is sensitive to specific chemicals (In the respiratory system-CO2, O2, and H+)
Changes in the concentrations of these chemicals will change the firing rate of a chemoreceptor

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13
Q

What happens to the firing rate of chemoreceptors when CO2 is increased?

A

The firing rate of chemoreceptors increases with increased CO2

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14
Q

What happens to the firing rate of chemoreceptors when O2 is decreased?

A

The firing rate of chemoreceptors increases with decreased O2

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15
Q

What happens to the firing rate of chemoreceptors when H+ is increased?

A

The firing rate of chemoreceptors increases with increased H+

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16
Q

What is the normal response of a respiratory neuron (or any neuron) to an increase in CO2 or a decrease in O2?

A

A decrease in activity-which would decrease ventilation, decreasing gas exchange and making the problem worse

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17
Q

Define chemosensitivity

A
  • The ability of certain chemicals to change the firing rate of specific neurons
  • In the respiratory system, there are neurons sensitive to CO2, O2, and H+
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18
Q

How do chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia or hypercapnia?

A

Their activity increases which activate the respiratory centers to increase respiration

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19
Q

There are two sets of chemoreceptors

-Where are they each located??

A
  • The central chemoreceptors (in brain)
  • The peripheral chemoreceptors (in carotid and aorta)
  • They each have a different role in the control of ventilation
20
Q

Central chemoreceptors

  • Where are they located specifically?
  • What are they sensitive to?
A

-They are located on the ventral surface of the medulla
-They are indirectly sensitive to CO2 in the blood
CO2 crosses the BBB and reacts with water via carbonic anhydrase to give H2O and CO2 then H2CO3 then H and HCO3

21
Q

Central chemoreceptors

-main function??

A

“Drive to breathe”-Make you breathe regularly

22
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

  • Where are they located specifically?
  • What are they sensitive to?
A
  • They are located in the aortic arch and carotid body

- They are sensitive to O2, CO2, and H+

23
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors: oxygen sensitivity

A
  • Increased firing rate of afferents from carotid body/aortic arch
  • CO2 and pH also stimulate the same response but the response is quicker than with central
  • Increased firing rate and tidal volume
24
Q

Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors
-Central chemoreceptors-Location?

A

Ventral surface of brainstem

25
Q

Central chemoreceptors-What are they sensitive (directly and indirectly) to?

A

Directly: pH of CSF
Indirectly: CO2 in plasma

26
Q

Central chemoreceptors-influence?

A

“respiratory drive”-drive to breathe

27
Q

Central chemoreceptors-effects?

A

Increased respiratory rate/depth in response to hypercapnia (slower than peripheral)

28
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors-Location?

A

Aortic arch and carotid body

29
Q

Carotid body

A

Dopamine

30
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors-What are they directly sensitive to?

A

O2, CO2, and H+ (pH)

31
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors-Influence?

A

Acute changes in blood gases

32
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors-Effects?

A

Increased respiratory rate/depth in response to hypercapnia, hypoxia, or acidosis

33
Q

Compare and contrast the mechanoreceptor inputs that influence respiration
-Slowly adapting PSR (SARs)-Location?

A

Airways

34
Q

-Slowly adapting PSR (SARs)-Adequate stimulus?

A

Stretch of lung

35
Q

-Slowly adapting PSR (SARs)-Effect?

A

Inhibit inspiration/promote expiration

36
Q

-Slowly adapting PSR (SARs)-Role in infants and adults?

A

In infants-every breath

In adults-exercise or other high Vt times

37
Q

-Rapidly adapting (RARs)-location?

A

airways

38
Q

-Rapidly adapting (RARs)-adequate stimulus?

A

irritants

39
Q

-Rapidly adapting (RARs)-effect?

A

cough to clear airway

40
Q

-Rapidly adapting (RARs)-role?

A

Protective (not every breath)

41
Q

J receptors-location?

A

Near capillaries in alveoli

42
Q

J receptors-adequate stimulus?

A

pulmonary edema

43
Q

J receptors-Effect?

A

Cough, tachypnea

44
Q

J receptors-role?

A

Protective (not every breath)

45
Q

Cortical influences on breathing

A

In these cases, the cortex appears to bypass the medullary centers completely and send input directly to the muscles of inspiration

CP Exam 2 (12 decks)

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