Respiratory dev Flashcards by Keaton Joppru

Where does the laryngotracheal groove develop from?

Ventral wall of primitive pharynx

- caudal to the 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches

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What primitive tissue do the gland of larynx develop from? What other structures develop from the same type of tissue?

Endoderm

Trachea, bronchi and pulmonary epithelium

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Why are the epithelium and glands of respiratory tract derived from the endoderm?

Because it is an outgrowth of the developing GI tract

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What then are the surround tissues derived from?

Splanchnic mesenchyme

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What are the surrounding tissues?

CT
Cartilage
Smooth muscle

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What do the primary bronchial buds develop from?

the laryngotracheal

diverticulum

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What separates the developing respiratory tract from the developing foregut?

Tracheoesophageal folds to create the laryngotracheal tube

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where does the laryngeal cartilage derive from?

4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

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Where do the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches derive from?

mesenchyme from the neurocrest cells

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Where do the larngeal muscles come from?

4th and 6th pharyngeal arch myoblasts

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What innervates the laryngeal muscles?

Vegas

Recurrent laryngeal
superior laryngeal
inferior

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What another name for pharyngeal arches?

Branchial

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Which nerves supplies the muscles and which supplies the sensory to the laryngeal muscles?

Muscles by recurrent and inferior laryngeal

Superior laryngeal supplies sensory

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What is responsible for the dev of the trachea?

tracheoesophageal folds

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What is the most common anomaly of the lower respiratory tract?

Tracheoesophageal fistula

an abnormal comm because trachea and esophagus

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What is commonly ass with tracheoesophageal fistulas?

esophageal atresia

-85% of the time

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What are some common complications with tracheoesophageal fistulas?

food or gastric contents may enter lungs–> aspiration

- polyhydramnios

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what does the entire respiratory system dev from?

Respiratory diverticulum

Laryngotracheal groove–> larngotracheal diverticulum–> respiratory bud–> primary bonchial buds–> secondary bronchial buds–> segmental branches

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Where do the bronchial buds dev from?

pericardioperitoneal canal which is a portion of the intra-embryonic coelom

What does splanchinic mesenchyme give rise to in the lung?

visceral pleura
cartilaginous plates
SM
CT
pulmonary CT

What is the parietal pleura derived from?

Somatic mesoderm

also gives rise to the body wall

What is an azygous lobe?

-Part of the superior lobe of the right lung grows medial to azygous vein instead of lateral to it

What causes agenesis of the lung?

-Failure of lung bud to dev

What is lung hypoplasia commonly ass with?

-Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

What is another common cause of lung hypoplasia?

-Oligohydramnios

Do bronchioles have cartilages in their walls?

What is the progression of airway after the terminal bronchioles?

-Respiratory bronchioles--> Alveolar ducts -->alveolar sacs--> alveoli

What is the first stage of lung maturation? When?

- Pseudoglandular stage | - 6-16 weeks

During the pseudoglandular stage what devs? Can the baby survive if its doesn’t?

- Ductal elements like bronchi and terminal bronchioles | - No fetuses cannot survive because alveoli are not present

What is the second stage of lung dev called? When

- Canalicular stage | - 16-26 weeks

What devs during the canalicular stage? Can fetus survive?

- Respiratory passageways like respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts - Vascularization too - Yes respiration is possible

What is the 3rd stage of lung maturation? When?

- Terminal sac or saccular stage | - 26- birth

What is the 4th stage of lung maturation? When?

- Alveolar stage | - 32 weeks- 8 years old

What is another name for pneumocytes type 1?

- Type 1 alveolar cells | - Squamous epithelium of endodermal origin

What devs during the saccular stage?

- Type 1 alveolar cells | - Capillary and lymphatics

What secretes surfactant and in what stage?

- Type II alveolar cells or pneumocytes | - Made up of phospholipids and two proteins

What is the purpose of surfactant?

-Serves to lower surface tension at the air-alveolar interface

What is infant survival dependent upon?

- Surfactant | - Vasculature

What devs during the alveolar stage of lung maturation?

- Maturation of alveoli | - Increase respiratory bronchioles and primitive alveoli

What fuses between type 1 alveolar cells and the endothilum of capillaries?

- Both basement membranes fuse | - No CT between

How many alveolar are we born with? At age 8?

- 150 mil | - 300 mil

What are fetal breathing movements?

- Occur prior to birth | - Stimulate lung dev and facilitates dev of respiratory musculature

Where does the fluid at birth in the lungs come from?

- ½ from amniotic fluid | - ½ from lung tissue itself

Where does this fluid go after aeration?

- Through mouth after pressure from vaginal delivery - Pulmonary arts/veins/capillaries - Lymphatics

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

- Hyaline membrane dz - 20% of infant deaths - deficiency in surfactant - protein/fibrin rich exudation of alveolar wall

What can one give to accelerate lung dev?

- Glucocorticoids

What is diff from newborn lungs from still born lungs?

- Newborn have air and float | - Stillborn are firm and sink