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Small Animal Medicine > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System function

A

Works in combination with cardiovascular & hematopoietic systems to provide necessary gas exchange for the body

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2
Q

Respiratory system delivers ____ to tissues and removes ____ from the tissues.

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. CO2
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3
Q

Rhinitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Serous, mucoid or mucopurulent nasal discharge.
    - Sneezing & reversed, pawing at nose
    - Dried exudate on nares
    - Possible ocular signs or cough/gag
  2. Etiology
    - Allergic, infectious, foreign body/irritant
  3. Tx
    - Keep nostrils clean
    - Vaseline for chapping
    - Warm food to encourage eating
    - Treat primary cause!
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4
Q

T/F: Reverse sneeze is a sign of choking

A

False! Owners my mistake it for choking though

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5
Q

Reverse sneeze
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. How long is a “normal” episode?

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Honking nasal noise
  2. Etiology
    - Likely caused by post nasal drip
  3. Normal episode:
    - Lasting 20-15 seconds
    - Occur in small groups
    - MM remain normal
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6
Q

Nasal tumors
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Epistaxis (nosebleeds), sneezing
    - Mucopurulent discharge that improves on antib
    - Face tender on one side
  2. Etiology
    - Mainly malignant, but slowly progressive and don’t metastasize
  3. Tx
    - Pressure to nose with cold compress when it bleeds
    - Antib if discharge
    - Radiation
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7
Q

Sinusitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
4. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - swelling under the eye (over tooth)
    - Unilateral nasal discharge and discomfort
  2. Etiology
    - Associated w/tooth abscess
  3. Dx
    - Oral exam, radiographs
  4. Tx
    - Antib
    - Dental extraction
    - Irrigation of infected tract
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8
Q

Laryngitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Change or loss of voice
    - Exaggerated swallowing effort
    - Gagging
  2. Etiology
    - Viral infection (including rabies), excessive vocalizing, tumor, trauma or laryngeal paralysis
  3. Tx
    - Soft foods
    - Voice rest
    - Tx primary cause
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9
Q

Upper airway obstruction
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Noisy breathing in throat, coughing, gagging
    - Extended head posture, slow deep breathing
    - Hypersalivation
    - Possible weakness, cyanosis
  2. Etiology: Anything in larynx to bronchus
    - Foreign object, Tumor
    - Swelling due to: trauma, anaphylaxis, laryngeal paralysis, collapsing trachea
  3. Tx
    - Calmness, min exercise until primary cause treated
    - Oxygen
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10
Q

Kennel cough is also know as…

A

Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis

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11
Q

Infectious canine tracheobronchitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Loud, dry, honking cough w/gag
  2. Etiology
    - Virus (distemper, parainfluenza)
    - Bacteria (bordatella, mycoplasma)
  3. Tx
    - Vaporizer or steam
    - Cough suppressants
    - Isolation in hospital setting
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12
Q

Prevention of infectious canine tracheobronchitis when signs occur are… (2)

A

Vaccines & isolation when signs occur

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13
Q

Tracheal Collapse
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - “Goose honk” cough; ~induced by exercise, excitement or lifting by chest
  2. Etiology
    - Tracheal rings lose stiffness & dorsal membrane hangs into airway. Trachea will close with heavy breathing.
  3. Tx
    - Keep calm & resting
    - Cough suppressants
    - Weight loss
    - Treat primary & secondary symptoms
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14
Q

Feline Upper respiratory Infections
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Sneezing
    - Ocular & nasal discharge, possible squinting
    - Poor appetite
    - Lethargy, fever
  2. Etiology
    - Viral (herpesvirus, rhinotracheitis, etc)
    - Mycoplasma
  3. Tx
    - Keep eyes & nose clean
    - Saline nose drops
    - Antib
    - Warm food, SQ fluids
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15
Q

Disease lower respiratory system
1. Common tests
2. Less common

A
  1. Common:
    - RR/MM & effort
    - Pulse Ox
    - Blood gas analysis
    - Radiographs
    - Culture
    - Cytology
  2. Less:
    - Bronchoscopy
    - Ultrasound
    - Biopsy
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16
Q

Pulse Ox
1. What does it do?
2. How does it work?

A
  1. Measures % of saturation of hemoglobin with O2.
  2. Probe is placed over superficial artery and light of specific wavelength is passed thru skin.
    - Hemoglobin saturated w/O2 absorbs light differently than unsat HgB
17
Q

Pulse Ox log scale for a normal patient should be ___% and ___% means severe hypoxia.

A
  1. 98-100%
  2. 90%
18
Q

Blood gas analysis
How does it work? (3)

A
  1. Blood is collected from patient in a way where room air won’t contaminate it.
  2. Blood is immediately placed in analyzer
    - Measures: blood pH, pCO2, pO2
  3. Evaluates gas exchange in the lungs
19
Q

Feline asthma
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Acute labored breathing
    - Chronic cough, wheeze
    - Exercise intolerance
  2. Etiology
    - Allergie or irritants cause severe airway inflammation & narrowing
  3. Tx
    - Emergency O2 & meds
    - Minimal handling/stress
    - Chronic bronchodilators, antib, air purifiers, etc
20
Q

Signs of respiratory distress (8)

A
  1. Flared nostrils
  2. Open-mouth breathing, lips pulled back
  3. Extended neck
  4. Elbows away from body
  5. Refusal to lay down
  6. Distress
  7. Noisy breathing
  8. Muddy or dusky mucous membranes
21
Q

T/F: If an animal is in respiratory distress, you should force them to lay down

A

False! The animal will assume the best position for them to breathe in that maximizes their airway.
Do not move them, support them!

22
Q

Bronchitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
4. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Coughing
    - Tachypnea
    - Exercise intolerance
  2. Etiology: Inflamm of small airways, two or more causes may occur
    - Allergic, irritant, infectious
  3. Dx
    - Rads
    - Cytology of transtracheal wash
    - Cult of wash
  4. Tx
    - Cough suppressant
    - Treat primary problem
    - Most air/steam
    - No smoking!
23
Q

Pneumonia
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Productive cough
    - Nasal discharge
    - Fever
    - Dyspnea or tachypnea
  2. Etiology
    - Infection, chemical burn
  3. Dx
    - Rads & transtracheal wash
  4. Tx
    - Primary disease
    - Maintain hydration
    - Nebulize & Coupage
24
Q

Pneumonia is a disease of the ___ causing formation of exudate and consolidation

A

Alveoli

25
Q

T/F: Primary pneumonia is rare in adult dogs & cats, so underlying cause should be search if this occurs in adults

A

True

26
Q

Nebulize

A

Expose animal to ultrafine water droplets to moisten small airways
- Humidifier will produce too large of drops

27
Q

Coupage

A

Tech of slapping thorax with cupped hand over consolidated lung to encourage coughing & loosening debris.
- Typically done 5-10min after nebulization

28
Q

Pulmonary edema
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
4. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Coughing (soft, moist, at night)
    - Tachypnea, dyspnea
    - Exercise intolerance
  2. Etiology
    - Heart failure, electrocution, drowning, etc
  3. Dx
    - Rads
    - Hist/physical
    - Blood albumin level
  4. Tx
    - Minimal stress
    - O2
    - Diuretics
    - Primary disease
29
Q

Primary neoplasia
1. Origination site
2. Size & amount of tumor(s)
3. “Cure”

A
  1. Origin site is in the lungs
  2. One discrete tumor
  3. Surgery is curative
30
Q

Pleural effusion
1. Clinical signs
2. Dx
3. Tx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Shallow, rapid breathing w/exaggerated abdominal movements
    - Possible cough, fever, or chest pain
  2. Dx
    - Imaging (rad or ultrasound)
    - Thoracocentesis
  3. Tx
    - Minimal stress!
    - O2
    - Remove tumor ASAP
    - Primary disease Tx
31
Q

Metastasis
1. Origin site
2. Tumor size & amounts
3. Tx or cure

A
  1. Origin site is in different sites
  2. Dozens of small tumor seed into lung tissue due to its extensive capillary bed & ideal growing conditions
  3. Very difficult to treat
32
Q

Lung tumors
1. Clinical signs
2. Dx

A
  1. Clinical signs
    - Cough
    - Exercise intolerance
    - Weight loss
  2. Dx
    - Rads
    - Cytology or biopsy of nodules b4 Sx
    - Histopath
33
Q

Pleural effusion is…

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
It is important as a sign for the primary disease and bc large amount will impair ability to ventilate

34
Q

List the four types of pleural effusion

A
  1. Purulent: opaque, tan to yellow
  2. Chylous: opaque, white to pink
  3. Transudate: clear
  4. Hemorrhagic: red to red-brown
35
Q

Etiologies for each pleural effusion type:
1. Purulent:
2. Chylous:
3. Transudate:
4. Hemorrhagic:

A
  1. Purulent: “Pyothorax”
    - Infection, often both aerobic & anaerobic due to bite wounds or foreign bodies.
  2. Chylous:
    - Lymph, Trauma to thoracic duct or heart failure.
  3. Transudate:
    - Serum, Due to tumor, vasculitis or heart failure.
  4. Hemorrhagic:
    - Due to trauma, bleeding disorder or tumor.
36
Q

What is Thoracocentesis?

A

Placing a needle into pleural space to remove air or fluid.
- Can be diagnostic or therapeutic

Small Animal Medicine (7 decks)

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