Respiratory disease and investigations

Question 1

What types of respiratory disorders are there?

Answer 1

-diseases affecting the airways
-diseases affecting the parenchyma
-diseases affecting vasculature
-diseases affecting the chest wall

Question 2

What are the three main respiratory disease groups?

Answer 2

-congenital diseases
-infection
-disorders

Question 3

What are some respiratory congenital abnormalities?

Answer 3

-congenital cysts
-lobar sequestrations (lung develops not connected to the tubing)
-vascular abnormalities
-agenesis (lungs fail to develop)
-abnormalities of trachea or bronchi

Question 4

Give some examples of respiratory infections

Answer 4

-pneumonia
-SARS, MERS. COVID-19
-TB
-bronchitis

Question 5

Describe the origin of community aquired pneumonie-CAP

Answer 5

-streptococcus pneumoniae
-mycoplasmsa pneumoniae
-haemophilus influenzae

Question 6

Describe the origin of hospital aquired pneumonie-HAP

Answer 6

-klebsiella
-psuedomonas
-E.coli

Question 7

Describe the main symptoms of Novel coronaviruses

Answer 7

fever,chills,myalgia,malaise, cough ,deterioration in respiratory function

Question 8

Name three types of COPD

Answer 8

-eemphysema
-chronic bronchitic
-chronic asthma

Question 9

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 9

permanenet dilation of airways associated with chronic infection

Question 10

Describe interstitial lung diseases

Answer 10

diseases of the lung parenchyma- the space between alveolar epithelium and capillary endotthelium

Question 11

What are the two main groups of interstital lung diseases?

Answer 11

-granulomatous
-fibrotic

Question 12

Name some interstital lung diseases

Answer 12

-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
-sarcoidosis
-occupation lung diseases such as asbestosis

Question 13

What are some diseases of pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 13

-pulmoary oedema
-pulmonary emboli
-pulmonary haemorrhage
-pulmonary hypertension

Question 14

What are some diseases that affect the chest wall?

Answer 14

-ankylosing spondylitis
-congenital deformities
-flail chest
-scoliosis
-kyphosis
-kyphoscoliosis

Question 15

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 15

fluid between parietal and visceral pleura

Question 16

What is empyema?

Answer 16

Pus between pleura

Question 17

What is a haemothroax?

Answer 17

blood within pleural cavity

Question 18

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 18

air within the pleural cavity
spontaneous:
primary-common in young men
secondary-occcurs due to underlying lung disease

Question 19

What causes a traumatic pneumothorax?

Answer 19

-positive pressure ventialtion
-stab wound
-rib fracture

Question 20

Name some neuromuscular disorders that affect the chest wall

Answer 20

-muscular dystrophy
-diaphragmatic paralysis
-Guillain-Barre syndrome
-myasthenia gravis
-motor neurone disease

Question 21

What are some respiratory function tests?

Answer 21

-Spirometry
-transfer factor
-body plethsmography
-reversibility test
-inhaler technique
-oscillometry
-six min walk test
-cardiopulmoary excersise testing
-hypoxic challenge
-oxygen assesment
-arterial blood gas sampling and analysis
-earlobe capillary blood sampling and analysis

Question 22

What does spirometry tests measure?

Answer 22

-mechanical properties of the lungs
-effort dependent
-measures flow and volume(dynamic lung volumes)

Question 23

What does a transfer factor measure?

Answer 23

-the ability of gases to move from the alveoli into the blood
-test measures the uptake of CO as it has similar properties to O2

Question 24

Describe static lung volume tests

Answer 24

-body plethymography
-gas dilution techniques
-helium dilution
-nitrogen washout

Question 25

describe fractional expired nitric oxide

Answer 25

-inspired levels of nitric oxide in expired gas -helps diagnosis of asthma -sequential measurement helps manage therapy and compliance with therapy

Question 26

Describe the bronchial challenge testing

Answer 26

-used to assess bronchial hyperresponsiveness challenge with pharmacoligical agents-methacholine,histamine

Question 27

describe the cardiopulmonary excersise test

Answer 27

-used to asses patients: -Pre-op -to quantify functional status -identify degree of disability -distinguish between cardiac or respiratory impairment

Question 28

What does MIP stand for?

Answer 28

maximum inspiration pressure

Question 29

What does MEP stand for?

Answer 29

Maximum expiratory pressure

Question 30

What does SNIP stand for?

Answer 30

Sniff inspiratory pressure

Question 31

Name some sleep and testing treatments

Answer 31

-overnight oximetry -multichannel sleep analysis -polysomnography -multiple sleep latency test -sleep diary -actigraphy -non invasive ventilation -continuous positive airway pressure -Bilevel positive airway pressure

Question 32

Give an overview of what COPD is

Answer 32

-A group of lung diseases causing breathing problems -emphysema- damage to air sacs in the lungs chronic bronchitis-long term damage to the airway -The damage to the lungs caused by COPD is permanent, but treatment can help slow down the progression of the condition

Question 33

Describe idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 33

In people with IPF, the alveoli become damaged and increasingly scarred. This causes the lungs to become stiff and makes it difficult for oxygen to get into the blood. -no know cause -mainly effects older people -no cure but treatment can manage it

Question 34

Describe tuberculosis

Answer 34

-Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Drug-resistance increasing (MDR-TB and XDR-TB)​ -Transmission from airborne droplets or direct contact​ -Initially affects middle or upper lobes of the lung:​ -Secondary TB – reactivation of a primary infection or reinfection​

Question 35

Describe asthma

Answer 35

-common lung condition causing breathing difficulties -caused by an inflammation of the airway, causing the airways to constrict -asthma unlike COPD is reversible and controllable with treatments

Question 36

Describe mesothelioma

Answer 36

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops in the lining that covers the outer surface of some of the body's organs. -lung cancer linked to asbestos fibres in the lungs. -typically develops 20 years after exposure -treatment is focused on prolonging life and controlling symptoms as there is no cure.