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ACVN - MEDICAL NURSING > Respiratory Disease - The Dyspnoeic Cat > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease - The Dyspnoeic Cat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of respirtory distress in cats?

A

techypnoea, orthopnoea, open mouth breathing, mucous mebrane colour, dyspnoea, heart rate increase of decrease

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2
Q

How would you triage a dyspnoeic cat?

A
  • assess most life-threatening concern
  • respiratory
  • cardiovascular - tachycardia, weak pulses
  • neurological - signs of head trauma or abnormal mentation
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3
Q

What would you observe when examining a dyspnoeic cat?

A

rate, effort and pattern of breathing

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4
Q

What would you physically examine?

A

asculation, percussion, cranial rib spring, oxygenation

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5
Q

What is percussion?

A

When you tap the chest while auscultating

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6
Q

What would you see with inspiratory dyspnoea?

A

dynamic extrathoracic upper airway obstruction

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7
Q

What would you see with expiratory dyspnoea?

A
  • intrathoracic upper airway obstruction
  • lower airway disease e.g feline asthma
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8
Q

What might occur if a cat is expericning rapid shallow breathing or slow laboured breathing?

A
  • pleural space disease
  • parenchymal disease
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9
Q

What is paradoxical breathing

A

when the chest wall and abdomen are moving abnormally

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10
Q

What does adventition lung sounds mean?

A

abnormal respiratory noises

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11
Q

What does steror mean?

A

snore like low pitched noise

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12
Q

What does stridor mean?

A

high pitched noise associated with laryngeal or tracheal collapse

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13
Q

What are we listening for when auscultating?

A
  • normal breath sounds
  • adventitious sounds such as wheezes or crackles
  • stertor or stridor
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14
Q

What are we palpating the thorax for?

A

compressibility

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15
Q

What are the causes of dyspnoea caused by upper respiratory tract obstruction?

A

-foreign bodies, nasopharyngeal polyps, laryngeal tumours

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16
Q

What are the causes of dysponea caused by lower respiratory disease?

A
  • feline asthma/bronchitis
17
Q

What are the causes of dyspnoea caused by pleural space disease?

A
  • pneumothorax, pleural effusion (many causes), haemothorax, diaphragmatic rupture
18
Q

What are the causes of dyspnoea caused by parenchymal disease?

A
  • pulmonary oedema (heart disease), haemorrhage, infection, neoplasia, fibrosis
19
Q

What are some examples of laryngeal disease?

A
  • neoplasia
  • oedema
  • foreign body
  • spasm
  • paralysis
  • abscess
  • granuloma
20
Q

What are some examples of feline lower airway disease?

A
  • asthma
  • chronic bronchitis
  • bacterial infection
  • lungworm - aelurostrongylus abstrusus
  • foreign body
  • neoplasia
21
Q

What are some examples of feline chronic lower airway disease?

A
  • feline asthma(type 1 sensitivty response to allergen, airway hyper-responsiveness, reversible bronchocontriction, secondary inflammation)
    chronic bronchitis (airway inflammation, excess mucus production, leads to airway arrowing)
  • can develop pneumothorax
22
Q

How can you treat feline lower airway disease?

A
  • emergency treatment (stress-free, oxygen, bronchodilators)
23
Q

What are some examples of bronchodilators?

A
  • terbutaline 0.015mg/kg
  • salbutamol 1-2 puffs
24
Q

What are some causes of parenchymal disease?

A
  • haemorrhage
  • pneumonia
  • oedema (cardiogenic, non-cardiogenic)
  • neoplasia
  • fibrosis
25
Q

Emergency treatment for cardiogenic oedema

A
  • cage rest
  • oxygen
  • sedation if necessary
  • furosemide i/m
26
Q

Causes of pleural space disease

A
  • pleural effusion
  • pneumothorax
  • neoplasia
  • diaphragmatic rupture
27
Q

Examples of exudate in the pleural space

A
  • pyothorax (sepsis)
  • neoplasia, FIP (non-septic)
  • chyle - congestive heart failure trauma, idiopathic)
  • blood (trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia)
28
Q

What would transudate be?

A

fluid in the extracellular space, hypoalbuminaemia

29
Q

What equipment would you need for a thoracocentesis?

A
  • procedures book
  • hair clippers
  • sterile prep kit
  • gloves
  • butterfly catheter
  • three-way tap
  • EDTA tube
  • plain tube
  • 20ml syringe
30
Q

Emergency care for the dyspnoeic cat

A
  • stress free environment
  • sedation
  • oxygen
  • equipment for thoracocentesis/intubation (tracheostomy)
  • ultrasound/radiography
  • medication
31
Q

What are some examples of glucocorticoids?

A
  • dexamethasone IV or IM
  • fluticasone inhalor
32
Q

What is the first thing you would do if you suspect upper respiratory tract disease?

A

intubate

33
Q

What is the first thing you would do if you suspect lower airway disease?

A

provide bronchodilators

34
Q

What is the first thing you would do if you suspect congestive heart failure?

A

provide furosemide

35
Q

What is the first thing you would do if you suspect pleural space disease?

A

perform a thoracocentesis

36
Q

A cat comes in with 3 week progressive lethargy and respiratory noise, you observe inspiratory dyspnoea, what do you suspect?

A

upper respiratory disease, stridor (noise over the larynx), suspect laryngeal disease

37
Q

A cat comes in with intermittent coughing for 2 months with sudden onset dyspnoea, you observe tachypnoea, expiratory effort and no upper respiratory noise, what do you suspect?

A

potentially lower airway disease, hear expiratory wheezes and increase resonance, suspect feline chronic lower airway disease

38
Q

A cat comes in with IBD diagnosed 2 weeks previously with endoscopic biopsies which was treated with prednisolone. They present with progressive tachypnoea/dyspnoea and you observe rapid, shallow breathing with no upper respiratory noise, what do you suspect?

A
  • potentially either parenchymal disease of pleural space disease.
    there is no muffling of the heart or lung sounds so could be parenchymal disease, there are gallop sounds and poor pulse quality and showing signs of congestive heart failure

ACVN - MEDICAL NURSING (22 decks)

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