Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
(47 cards)
What areas are considered the upper respiratory tract vs the lower respiratory tract
Upper: trachea and up
Lower: below the trachea
What are the 4 types of respiratory conditions
Mechanical
Allergic
Infectious
Prevention of inflation/air exchange
Define atelectasis
Collapsing of the lungs
(Recumbency for too long)
Define hemothorax
Blood in the thorax/pleural space
Define pleural effusion
Fluid around the lung in the pleural space
(Heart failure, pulmonary hypertension)
Define pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung
Alveoli get thicker and inflammatory cells fill the alveoli
Define pneumothorax
Air in the thorax
(Traumatic puncture, ruptured diaphragm, hernia/defect, loss of vacuum)
Define pulmonary edema
Fluid in the lung/alveoli
Who is tracheal collapse common in
Little dogs
Brachycephalics
Pomeranians
Chihuahuas
Poodles
What is the pathology of tracheal collapse
The cartilage is not as strong or C shaped as normal so it collapses more easily when they breathe (membrane on the back is stretched out)
Progressive
Can occur anywhere on the trachea
Dynamic
What is the presentation of tracheal collapse
History of goose honking cough (during excitement) (may be confused with kennel cough)
Respiratory distress
Palpation: induces cough
What is the treatment of tracheal collapse
Depends on dog, severity, and location on the trachea
Keep calm
Antitussives
Sedation
Bronchodilators
Oxygen support
Stents
How can you prevent tracheal collapse
Harness for walking
Dental hygiene
maintain BCS
Selective breeding
Avoid over heating
Controlled activity/excitement
What are the precautions of anesthesia with tracheal collapse
Careful with ETT size selection
May exacerbate collapse distal to the ETT
At very high risk during anesthesia the more severe the condition is
ETT tube will hold open trachea but it will not help if it is lower than the tube
Must monitor oxygenation closely during and after intubation
What is brachycephalic syndrome
Mechanical respiratory disease if squishy faced dogs and cats (pugs, bulldogs, terriers, himalayans, Persians)
What causes brachycephalic syndrome
Largely due to facial conformation
Elongated soft palate
Thickened tongue
Stenotic nares
Hypoplastic trachea (narrower)
Everted laryngeal saccules
All decreases airflow
What are the clinical signs of brachycephalic syndrome
Noises breathing on inspiration (stertor)
Retching or gagging
Constant open mouth breathing
Exercise intolerance
Cyanosis
Collapse
What is the treatment and prevention of brachycephalic syndrome
Selective breeding
Weight control
Harness for walking
Prevent overheating
Surgical correction of features
What are some things that can make brachycephalic syndrome worse
Obesity
Heat stroke
Cardiac disease
High risk of asphyxiation under GA (don’t maintain with masking)
What is an allergen
Things that don’t cause harm but turn in the immune system to mount a response against it
What are the signs of allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)
Upper airway disease
Itchy and red eyes
Sneezing
Coughing
What is the treatment for allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)
Antihistamines
Allergen avoidance
Sensitization (only works with environmental allergens, not food allergies)
What is the pathology behind allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)
Narrowing of the airway: more/thicker mucus, swelling of mucosa, bronchoconstriction due to muscles tichhtening
Inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages) -increased inflammatory cells, increased fluids, decreased elasticity
What is the pathology behind feline asthma
Allergen triggers immune response
Inflammation results in increased mucus secretion, thickening of mucosa bronchoconstriction, fluid and increased cells in alveoli
Decreased air movement and exchange
