Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

Describe clinical signs of URT disease

Answer 1

Ocular discharge
Nasal discharge (mucoid, mucopurulent, blood)
Cough
Systemic signs - pyrexia, depression, lethargy, inappetence

Question 2

Describe clinical signs of LRT disease

Answer 2

Cough
Dyspnoea/tachypnoea
Systemic signs - pyrexia, depression, lethargy, inappetence

Question 3

List differentials for acute coughing in dogs

Answer 3

Kennel cough (tracheobronchitis)
Irritation - smoke, dust, chemicals
Airway FB
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Acute pneumonia
Acute oedema
Airway trauma

Question 4

List differentials for chronic coughing in dogs

Answer 4

Chronic bronchitis
LS heart failure
Lungworm (Oslerus/Aelurostrongylus)
Tracheal collapse
Airway FB
Bronchopneumonia
Neoplasia
Eosinophilic disease

Question 5

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Kennel Cough/CIRD

Answer 5

A - Low pathogenicity virus (CPiV, CRCoV, CAV-2) allows invasion of 2ndary infection (mycoplasma, Pasteurella)
CS - honking cough, submandibular lymphadenopathy, ocular/nasal discharge
D - PCR, paired serology, conjunctival swab for distemper
T - symptomatic control, steroids for cough, NSAIDS, AB only if needed
P - environmental hygiene, dog-dog contact, fomite transmission, vaccine

Question 6

Aetiology, clinical signs, treatment and prevention of canine parainfluenza virus

Answer 6

A - enveloped RNA virus
CS - URT only
T - supportive therapy, none if BAR and no pyrexia, NSAIDS, if v sick doxycycline
P - vaccine

Question 7

Aetiology, clinical signs, treatment and prevention of canine adenovirus

Answer 7

A - non enveloped DNA virus
CS - infectious hepatitis, respiratory signs
T - fluid therapy, nutritional support, address coagulopathy, limit 2ndary bacterial infection with ABs
P - part of core vaccines

Question 8

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Bordatella Bronchiseptica

Answer 8

A - primary or secondary
CS - nasal infection to bronchopneumonia
D - PCR or culture
T - supportive therapy, AB (doxycycline), NSAIDS
P - vaccine

Question 9

Aetiology, clinical signs, treatment, prevention and prognosis of canine distemper virus

Answer 9

A - zoonotic, enveloped RNA, shed in all body fluid
CS - bronchopneumonia, purulent ocular/nasal discharge, weight loss, hemorrhagic V+D+, neuro signs, hyperkeratosis
T - IVFT, prevent 2ndary infections
P - core vaccine
Pg - no cure, poor prognosis, consider PTS

Question 10

Clinical signs, diagnosis and prevention of canine influenza virus

Answer 10

CS - cough, purulent nasal discharge, systemically unwell (pyrexia, pneumonia)
D - rule out other reps diseases, immunofluorescence and ELISA, PCR
P - vaccine

Question 11

Clinical signs, and diagnosis of strep equi in dogs

Answer 11

CS - pyrexia, bloody nasal discharge, haematemesis
D - gram stained smears

Question 12

Aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cat flu

Answer 12

A - FHV, FCV, C felis, B bronchiseptica, M felis
D - viral isolation, PCR
T - Supportive, symptomatic, nutritional support
P - Hygiene, ventilation, vaccine

Question 13

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of feline herpes virus

Answer 13

A - enveloped DNA virus, lifelong
CS - conjunctivitis, URT signs, corneal ulcers
D - Hx and clinical signs, conjunctival swab for PCR
T - nursing, broad spec AB to prevent 2ndary infection, antivirals
P - vaccine

Question 14

Aetiology, clinical signs, treatment and prevention of feline chronic rhinitis

Answer 14

A - sequel to cat flu (herpesvirus 1 => chronic inflammation => destructive rhinitis)
CS - nasal discharge, inflammation/swelling of conchae
T - AB therapy, decongestants, antiviral

Question 15

What do we NOT treat feline nasal polyps with

Answer 15

Antivirals

Question 16

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of feline calicivirus

Answer 16

A - RNA virus, fomite spread
CS - flu signs, tongue ulcers, ‘floppy kittens’, polyarthritis, gingivostomatitis
D - presumptive on hx and CS, PCR from oropharyngeal swab
T - AB to cover 2ndary infections
P - vaccine

Question 17

Differential diagnoses for feline calicivirus

Answer 17

FHV
Feline rhinotracheitis
Bordatella bronchiseptica
Chlamydophila felis

Question 18

What condition is associated with feline calicivirus, how do we treat it

Answer 18

Feline chronic gingivitis stomatitis
T - dental, full mouth extractions, ABs, steroids

Question 19

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Chlamydophila felis

Answer 19

A - intracellular bacteria like organism
CS - unilateral => bilateral conjunctivitis, chemosis, mild URT signs
D - PCR
T - systemic ABs (doxycycline or amoxyclav)

Question 20

List differentials for nasal disease in cats/dogs

Answer 20

FB
Neoplasia
Fungal dx
Rhinitis
Dental dx

Question 21

List some differentials for feline chronic nasal disease

Answer 21

Tumours
FBs
Rhinitis
Polyps
Other

Question 22

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal rhinitis

Answer 22

A - Aspergillus fumigatus
CS - mucopurulent-bloody nasal discharge, pain on palpation, sneezing, facial deformity, neurological signs
D - imaging, rhinoscopy (white plaques)
T - topical antifungals (enilconazole)

Question 23

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of solar dermatitis in cats

Answer 23

A - squamous cell carcinoma
CS - flat, firm, ulcerated lesions
D - biopsy for histopathology
T - photodynamic therapy, immunomodulators
P - suncream

Question 24

List some nasal cavity neoplasias in dogs vs cats

Answer 24

Dogs - carcinomas, lymphoma, SCC, fibrosarcoma
Cats - adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

Question 25

Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of nasal cavity neoplasias

Answer 25

D - MRI/CT, rhinoscopy and biopsy T - radiotherapy +/- chemo +/- NSAIDS or surgery P - guarded

Question 26

List the main clinical sign of pharyngeal disease and list some differentials

Answer 26

CS - Dysphagia Ddx - FB, tumour, polyps (cats), BOAS

Question 27

List some tumours which affect the larynx and trachea in cats vs dogs

Answer 27

Cats - laryngeal lymphoma Dogs - oncocytoma/rhabdomyosarcoma, tracheal cartilaginous tumours, OSA, fibrosarcoma, SCC

Question 28

List some differentials for cyanosis

Answer 28

Circulatory cause - valve degeneration, pericardial effusion, IMHA, shock, heart muscle deterioration Respiratory cause - laryngeal paralysis, tracheal collapse, pneumonia, asthma, lung parasites, some inhalation

Question 29

List some differentials for 'difficulty breathing'

Answer 29

URT obstruction Loss of thoracic capacity Pulmonary parenchymal dx Anaemia Acidosis Heat stroke

Question 30

Aetiology, clinical signs, and diagnosis of pleural space disease

Answer 30

A - pleural effusion, pneumothorax, soft tissue mass CS - restrictive breathing pattern, tachypnoea, open mouth breathing, dyspnoea, cyanosis D - CE

Question 31

Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of pleural effusions

Answer 31

CS - muffled heart/lung sounds, increased dullness on percussion D - CE, imaging, thoracocentesis T - O2 supplement, US, thoracocentesis, treat primary cause

Question 32

Differentials for pleural effusion

Answer 32

Decreased absorption of fluid: Obstruction of lymphatics, RS heart failure, hypoalbuminaemia Increased production of fluid: inflammation, CHF, disruption of thoracic duct

Question 33

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of pneumothorax

Answer 33

A - Loss of -ve pressure in pleural space CS - dyspnoea, restrictive breathing, dull lung sounds, V+ D - thoracic X-rays, US T - O2, drain

Question 34

Differentials for pneumothorax

Answer 34

Rupture of airways Thoracic trauma Iatrogenic Gas producing bacterial infection in pleura

Question 35

List some differentials for mediastinal disease

Answer 35

Tumours Cystic lesions Enlarged LNs Haematomas

Question 36

Signalment, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mediastinal lymphoma

Answer 36

S - Young cats, siamese cats, dogs with multi centric lymphoma CS - tachypnoea, dull heart sounds, pleural effusions D - cytology T - chemo +/- radiotherapy P - good remission rate

Question 37

Aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of thymomas

Answer 37

A - epithelial tumour infiltrated with lymphocytes CS - resp distress, cranial caval syndrome, megaoesophagus D - thoracic radiographs, FNA T - surgical resection P - good if resected, poor if invasive

Question 38

Aetiology, clinical signs, and diagnosis of cranial caval syndrome

Answer 38

A - CVC obstructed => venous return from head restricted, can be due to worms CS - Pale MM, prolonged CRT, weak femoral pulse, R-sided systolic murmur D - haem, biochem, urinalysis, radiography, US