respiratory distress and failure

Question 1

what is respiratory failure ?

Answer 1

failure of the lungs to provide enough oxygen ( hypoxic respiratory failure )
or remove carbon dioxide ( ventilator failure) to meet metabolic demands

Question 2

what are the ABG findings indicating respiratory failure ?

Answer 2

Pao2 < 60 mmhg

Pa Co2 > 50 mmhg resulting in acidosis

Question 3

why is there an increased chance of respiratory failure in infants and children ?

Answer 3

1. increased chest wall compliance

2. less developed respiratory muscles

Question 4

what are the risk factors for respiratory failure ?

Answer 4

1. underlying respiratory disease
2. congenital heart disease
3. muscle weakness
4. immunodeficiency

Question 5

what are the types of respiratory failure ?

Answer 5

Type 1 hypoxic

Type 2 hypercapnic

Question 6

what is the presentation of apparent life threatening events ?

Answer 6

brief resolved and unexplained events where :
there is a change in
color: cyanosis
breathing
tone
responsiveness
and previously a normal physical examination

Question 7

what factors decrease the incidence of SIDS ?

Answer 7

sudden infant death syndrome is decreased with sleeping position on the back

Question 8

what is anaphylaxis mediated by ?

Answer 8

hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE

Question 9

what skin manifestations are associated with anaphylaxis ?

Answer 9

urticaria/ angioedema

Question 10

what is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children ?

Answer 10

food allergy

Question 11

what is the acute management of anaphylaxis ?

Answer 11

epinephrine administration intramuscular
followed by long term allergen avoidance
immunotherapy
epipen

Question 12

what risk factors are associated with a fatal outcome in anaphylaxis ?

Answer 12

nut allergy
coexisting asthma
adolescent age group