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Pharmacology > Respiratory Drugs and Corticosteroids > Flashcards

Respiratory Drugs and Corticosteroids Flashcards

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1
Q

What structure ends the respiratory tree and is made up of dilated sacs?

A

The alveoli

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2
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Muscular elastic structures who’s diameter varies with contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle.

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3
Q

What doe lumen mean?

A

Diameter

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4
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of bringing oxygen into the body and moving carbon dioxide out?

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5
Q

What 2 processes are involved in respiration?

A

Ventilation and perfusion

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6
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Moving air into and out of the lungs.

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7
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flow of blood through the lungs.

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8
Q

What part of the nervous system controls the diameter of airways?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What receptors are activated in the sympathetic branch involving the control of airways?

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

What receptors are activated in the parasympathetic division involving the control of airways?

A

Muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

What are bronchoconstrictive disorders characterized by?

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle spasm
  • mucosal edema
  • excessive mucous production
  • infection
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12
Q

What are some examples of bronchoconstrictive disorders?

A

Asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis.

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13
Q

What two components are involved with asthma?

A

Inflammatory and bronchospasm

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14
Q

What is the most common symptom of asthma?

A

Chronic cough

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15
Q

What are some acute symptoms of asthma?

A

Wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, and productive cough.

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16
Q

What are some of the common triggers of asthma?

A

Viral infections, environmental allergens (animal hair, smoke, temp), drugs (beta blockers), exercise, and emotions.

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17
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

It is an acute, refractory asthmas attack unresponsive to rigorous therapy.

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18
Q

What are some symptoms of status asthmaticus?

A

Acute anxiety, markedly laboured breathing, wheezing, tachycardia, diaphoresis, absent breath sounds are an ominous finding.

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19
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic inflammation, edema, hyperplasia of the submucosal glands, and excess mucus secretion which results in a chronic, productive cough.

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20
Q

What are some of the causes of chronic bronchitis?

A

Cigarette smoking, air pollutants, occupational exposure to nitrogen and sulphur oxides.

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

Copious sputum, decreased breath sounds, wheezing, tachypnea.

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22
Q

What type of drug is the most effective for relieving acute bronchospasm?

A

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists

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23
Q

What do Beta 2 adrenergic agonists do?

A

Cause vasodilation.

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24
Q

Name a Beta-2 adrenergic agonist:

A

Ventolin

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25
What is the onset, peak, and duration of Ventolin?
``` Onset = 5-15 mins (inhaled), 30 mins (PO) Peak = 0.5-2 hours Duration = 2-6 hours if inhaled ```
26
What are the adverse effects of Ventolin?
Palpitations, headaches, throat irritation, tremor, nervousness, restlessness, and tachycardia.
27
Name another beta 2 agonist used for bronchodilation:
Salmeterol
28
When should bronchodilators be taken before/during exercise to prevent exercise induced asthma?
1 inhalation 30 mins before activity and 15-25 mins after the onset of action.
29
What other type of drugs can be used to achieve bronchodilation?
Anti-cholinergic drugs
30
Name an anticholinergic drug used to achieve bronchodilation:
Atrovent (Ipratropium)
31
What are some side effects of anti-cholinergic drugs?
Cough, drying of nasal mucosa, hoarseness, and bitter taste.
32
What is the onset, peak, and duration of Atrovent?
Onset: 5-15 mins Peak: 1.5-2 hours Duration: 3-6 hours
33
Can overdose occur when taking too much Atrovent?
No, because not much is absorbed.
34
Name another anti-cholinergic drug used for bronchodilation:
Tiotropium (Spiriva)
35
How does Tiotropium work?
It acts as an antagonist at muscarinic receptors resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
36
Is Tiotropium long acting or short acting?
Long acting
37
What drug is the first line agent for maintenance therapy in COPD?
Tiotropium
38
What is another type of bronchodilator?
Xanthines
39
Name a xanthine:
Theophylline
40
Do Xanthines have a wide or narrow therapeutic index?
Narrow
41
What is another class of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions?
Corticosteroids
42
What do corticosteroids do?
- supress airway inflammation - decrease secretion of mucus - decrease airway edema - repair of damaged epithelium - enhances the effectiveness of Beta-2 adrenergic bronchodilators
43
Name 3 inhaled corticosteroids:
1. Beclovent 2. Pulmicort 3. Flovent
44
Name an oral corticosteroid:
Prednisone
45
Name 2 IV corticosteroids:
1. Solu-medrol | 2. Solu-cortef
46
What do corticosteroids treat?
Severe inflammation
47
Where are corticosteroids naturally released from?
The adrenal cortex
48
What do corticosteroids supress?
Histamine and prostaglandins
49
What system can be inhibited by corticosteroids?
The immune system
50
What are some serious adverse effects from system corticosteroid use?
- suppression of adrenal gland function - hyperglycemia - peptic ulcers - electrolyte imbalances - osteoporosis
51
What should be done when taking corticosteroids long-term?
- keep dose as low as possible - use alternate-day dosing - discontinue gradually
52
What are some of the side effects of inhaled corticosteroids?
- pharyngeal irritation - coughing - dry mouth - oral fungal infections
53
If you have a corticosteroid and and bronchodilator, which drug should be given first?
The bronchodilator to open the airways first
54
How long should corticosteroids be weaned for when discontinuing them?
1-2 weeks
55
Should cough meds be given for a productive cough?
No, because then you are going to stop coughing and the secretions will stay inside you.
56
What is another type of drug to treat respiratory conditions?
Antitussives
57
Name 2 Antitussives:
1. Koffex | 2. Robitussin
58
What is the use of antitussives?
Treating non-productive cough
59
How do antitussives work?
They raise the cough threshold in the CNS
60
What are some side effects of antitussives?
Dizziness and sedation
61
What is another type of drug used to treat respiratory conditions?
Expectorants
62
What do expectorants do?
They increase productive cough to clear the airway by liquefying the lower respiratory tract secretions, reducing their viscosity and making them easier to cough up.
63
Name an example of an expectorant drug?
Mucinex
64
What is the onset, peak, and duration of Mucinex?
Onset: 30 mins Peak: unknown Duration: 4-6 hours
65
What is another type of drug that treats respiratory conditions?
Mucolytics
66
How do mucolytics work?
They break down mucous to help the high risk respiratory patient in coughing up thick secretions.
67
Name an example of a mucolytic drug:
Acetylcysteine
68
What is the onset, peak and duration of mucolytics?
Onset: 1 min (inhaled), 30-60 mins (oral) Peak: 5-10 mins (inhaled), 1-2 hours (oral) Duration: 2-3 hours (inhaled), unknown (oral)
69
How should inhalers be taken?
While pressing down, inhale the drug for 3 sec, hold breath for 10 sec, exhale through the nose. Wait 1 min before taking a second inhalation.

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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