Respiratory & Excretory Quiz Flashcards

Question

Expiration (Exhalation)

Answer 1

- Intercostal muscles **relax** - Diaphragm moves **UP** (Relax) - Rib cage moves **down & inward** - The volume of the thoracic cavity **decreases** - Air pressure in the lungs **increases** causing air to move **OUT** of the lungs

Answer 2

Occurs in the LUNGS Gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries

Answer 3

Walls of the alveoli & the capillaries each are one cell thick, which allows gases to diffuse through their membrane

Answer 4

Air moves from HIGH-pressure to LOW-pressure

Answer 5

A specialized nerve recpetor that is sensitive to specific chemicals Carbon dioxide LOWERS the pH of the blood (Making it MORE acidic) This is detected by the chemoreceptors in your brain which sends signals causing you to breathe deeper INCREASE in carbon dioxide = INCREASE Breathing Rate.

Answer 6

Carbon Dioxide regulates breathing NOT oxygen.

Answer 7

- Most of the oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange is done by simple diffusion (Movement from HIGH concentration —> LOW concentration) - About 30% of the oxygen transfer happens by facilitated diffusion: - Protein-based molecules in the alveoli “carry” oxygen across the membrane - This **DOES NOT** require energy because it is still with the concentration gradient - This is done to **SPEED UP** gas exchange

Answer 8

- After the gas exchange between the capillaries & alveoli, the blood goes back to the heart and is then pumped into the body - Gases are then exchanged between the blood and cells Blood --> Body Tissues

Answer 9

~99% of the oxygen is carried in the red blood cell by hemoglobin This is called "OXYHEMOGLOBIN" The rest of the oxygen is dissolved in the bloodstream

Answer 10

- Slightly less than 1/4 of the Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood by hemoglobin- which forms carbaminohemoglobin - ~7% is carried in the plasma - ~70% is dissolved & carried in the blood as bicarbonate into ($HCO_3^-$) - Carbonic acid $(H_2CO_3)$ is formed in the blood when a carbon dioxide molecule $(CO_2)$reacts with a water molecule $(H_2O)$ - $CO_2 +H_2O = H_2CO_3$ - The carbonic acid breaks down into a hydrogen ion $(H^+)$ and a bicarbonate ion – which occurs in red blood cells - The $(H^+)$ combines with the hemoglobin and the bicarbonate ion diffuses out of the red blood cells into the plasma, which is carried to the lungs - When the blood reaches the lungs the whole process is reversed to form carbon dioxide and water

Answer 11

Measure the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs

Answer 12

A graph that measures Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Volume, Expiratory Volume, Vital Capacity, Residual Volume

Answer 13

- The volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement at rest (Breathing normally)

Answer 14

An additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond tidal/regular

Answer 15

- The additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond tidal

Answer 16

- Calculated by: - Tidal volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 17

Amount of gas that remains in the lungs even after full exhalation

Answer 18

Filtering units within the kidney There are approximately 2 million of them

Answer 19

Carries blood AWAY from the kidenys that has been filtered & has minimal waste

Answer 20

Carries blood TO the kidneys that are filled with waste and need to be cleaned

Answer 21

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Answer 22

Stores urine

Answer 23

Tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

Answer 24

Filters blood so that waste can be removed Help to regulate blood pH The major metabolic waste products are carbon dioxide, sodium, chloride, urea & uric acid

Answer 25

Produced as a waste product during metabolism Very toxic so the liver immediately converts it to less toxic waste products that ultimately form urine

Answer 26

Forms from the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Answer 27

Forms from the breakdown of the amino acid (PROTEIN)

Answer 28

Renal Pelvis Cortex Medulla

Answer 29

Receives urine before sending it to the ureters

Answer 30

The OUTER layer of the kidney, UPPER position of the nephron

Answer 31

The INNER layer of the kidney, a LOWER portion of the nephron

Answer 32

Takes CLEAN blood from the kidney to the heart

Answer 33

Takes DIRTY blood AWAY from the heart TO the kidney

Answer 34

Glomerule filtration, Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, Water reabsorption

Answer 35

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus

Answer 36

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood AWAY from the glomerulus to the capillaries

Answer 37

Move water & solutes NOT proteins & blood cells from the plasma into the nephron. Formation of urine STARTS here. Forces some of the water & dissolved substance in the blood plasma from the glomerulus into the Bowman's Capsule 2 Things that allow this to happen: Permeability of the capillaries of the glomerulus. Higher Blood Pressure

Answer 38

The filtered fluid

Answer 39

- The capillaries of the glomerulus have many pores in the tissue walls which allow water & dissolved substances to easily pass through BUT are small enough that proteins & blood cells can not enter.

Answer 40

- The Blood pressure in the glomerulus is 4x greater than the rest of the body to force blood through for filtration

Answer 41

Removes useful substances such as sodium from the filtrate and RETURNS them into the blood for reuse by body systems

Answer 42

- Approx 65% of the filtrate that passes through the entire length of the proximal tubule is reabsorbed and returned to the body - Cells of the proximal tubule have lots of mitochondria The majority of glucose is reabsorbed in the PROXIMAL TUBULE

Answer 43

- Function is to reabsorb water and ions from the glomerular filtrate - The deeper portion of the loop of Henle enters a salty environment in the medulla - The descending limb is permeable to water and only slightly permeable to ions - The salty environment draws water out through osmosis leaving a high concentration of $Na^+$ at the bottom of the loop - When the tubule goes around the bend and ascends up the permeability changes - Becomes impermeable to water and slightly permeable to solutes  causes sodium ions to diffuse from the filtrate and pass into blood vessels - At the thick-walled portion of the ascending limb, sodium ions are moved out of the filtrate by active transport - This does two things: 1. Helps replenish the salty environment of the medulla 2. Makes the filtrate less concentrated than the tissues and blood in the surrounding cortex tissue

Answer 44

Moves wastes & excess substances from the blood into the filtrate

Answer 45

- Active reabsorption of the sodium ions from the filtrate in the kidneys depends on the needs of the body - Passive reabsorption of negative ions such as chloride occurs by electrical attraction - Reabsorption of ions decreases the concentration of the filtrate, which causes water to be reabsorbed by osmosis - Potassium (K+ ) are actively secreted into the distal tubule from the bloodstream - Hydrogen ions (H+ ) are also actively secreted in order to maintain pH of the blood - Other substances that happen to be in the body that are not naturally there (such as different medications) are secreted into the distal tubule

Answer 46

Removes water from the filtrate and returns it to the blood for reuse by the body systems

Answer 47

- Collecting duct extends deep into the medulla and the concentration of ions in the medulla increases (due to active transport of ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle) - This causes passive reabsorption of water from the filtrate in the collecting duct by osmosis

Answer 48

- If a person is dehydrated the permeability to water in the distal tubule and collecting duct is increased so that more water is reabsorbed into the blood to conserve water in the body - Reabsorption of water in the collecting duct causes the filtrate to be about four times as concentrated by the time it exits the duct - Filtrate (which is now ~1% of the original filtrate volume) is now called urine and leaves the body

Answer 49

Cells that are sensitive to osmotic pressure in the blood and surrounding extracellular fluids. Most are found in the hypothalamus

Answer 50

Blood plasma is too concentrated (You are DEHYDRATED) Osmotic pressure INCREASES This causes the osmoreceptors in your hypothalamus to send a signal to your pituitary gland (another part of your brain) which releases the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Answer 51

When blood plasma is too dilute (Too much water and not enough solute) the osmotic pressure DECREASES. This causes the osmoreceptors in your hypothalamus to send a signal to stop or decrease the release of ADH

Answer 52

ADH travels to your kidney where it INCREASES the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct allowing more water to be reabsorbed in the blood

Answer 53

When ther is too much water the osmoreceptors in your hypothalamus to send a signal to stop or decrease the release of ADH - Distal tubule and collecting duct become less permeable to water and MORE water is excreted through urine

Answer 54

- Controlled by the hormone Aldosterone - If the $Na^+$ concentration drops: - Aldosterone stimulates the distal tubules and collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+ - This leads to passive reabsorption of chloride ions and water - Aldosterone also stimulates the section of potassium ions into the distal tubules and collecting ducts if the concentration of potassium ions in the blood is too high

Answer 55

- pH of body fluids is about 7.4 The body can maintain this by: - Acid-base buffer system in the body by adding/removing hydrogen ions - Changes to breathing rate – changes carbon dioxide levels - Kidney’s controlling pH by excreting $H^+$ and reabsorbing $HCO_3^-$ [Bicarbonate ions]

Answer 56

Dialysis is a treatment that acts like an artificial kidney to clean your blood.

Answer 57

CAUSE: Low levels of insulin produced by the pancreas, leading to HIGH blood sugar SYMPTOMS: HIGH concentration of glucose in the urine, frequent urination

Answer 58

CAUSE: Inflammation of the nephron. The Nephron can become permeable to large solutes like proteins or even blood parts SYMPTOMS: Proteins in Urine, Frequent urination

Answer 59

CAUSE: Development of crystalline the formation called the kidney stones (Usually formed due to excess calcium) SYMPTOMS: Extreme pain

Answer 60

CAUSE: Bacterial or Viral infection If the BLADDER is involved, it is called CYSTITIS If the URETHRA is involved URETHRITIS SYMPTOMS: Painful burning secretion during urination, feeling as if you need to pee even if you DO NOT. Bloody or brown urine

Answer 61

CAUSE: Accumulation of acid in the BODY, due to a failure of the kidney to properly filter blood SYMPTOMS: Tired, muscle weakness can lead to kidney stones, urine has a very HIGH pH (Very BASIC)

Respiratory & Excretory Quiz Flashcards

(86 cards)