Respiratory FINAL Flashcards by Elizabeth Mullins

What are the structures within the respiratory system?

Conductive System
Transitional System
Gas Exchange System

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What is the conductive system composed of?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi.

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What is the transitional system composed of?

Terminal Bronchioles

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What is the Gas Exchange System composed of?

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

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What component of the respiratory system is labeled by 1?

CONDUCTING

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What component of the respiratory system is labeled by 2?

TRANSITIONAL

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What component of the respiratory system is labeled by 3?

EXCHANGE

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What does the Conductive System do?

Brings air to the Respiratory Portion
Cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air.
Hair and secretions in the nasal cavity trap particulate matter.

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Blood in venous plexuses in mucous membrane of nasal cavity ____________________ of inhaled air.

regulates temperature

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What is the transitional zone between the conducting (ciliated) and the gas exchange (alveolar system) areas of the respiratory tree.

TRANSITIONAL SYSTEM

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The transitional system is composed only by the terminal bronchioles which are lined by….

Clara Cells

Non-ciliated secretory cells

Only a few ciliated cells

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Healthy bronchioles do not have

Goblet Cells

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What component of the respiratory system is depicted in this image?

EXCHANGE SYSTEM

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What is the exchange system composed of? (shown in this image.)

Alveoli

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Thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries: the pulmonary capillaries.

Alveoli

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Alveoli are lined by

epithelial type 1 (membranous) pneumocytes and type 2 pneumocytes

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What are we looking at here?

Normal Sheep Lung

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What are these examples of?

Cells of the Respiratory Tract

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What are the Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System?

Non-Specific (non immune-mediated)

Specific (immune-mediated)

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Describe the Non-Specific (non immune-mediated) defense mechanism of the respiratory system.

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Describe the Specific (immune-mediated) defense mechanism of the respiratory system..

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The conductive system is mostly lined by….

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The conductive system is composed of

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

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The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity is lined by

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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What is indicated by the arrow?

**tubulo-alveolar glands** The lamina propria contains tubulo-alveolar glands, mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands.

What is shown within the rectangle of this nasal cavity slide?

**The lamina propria** The submucosa supports the lamina propria (shown within rectangle)

The oflactory epithelium contains

oflactory sensory cells

What is the bone supported cavity within the skull that is divided by nasal cartiliginous septum into two halves, left and right.

Nasal Cavity

Each half of the nasal cavity has three regions. What are they?

1. Vestibular Region 2. Respiratory Region 3. Olfactory Region

What is this region of the nasal cavity?

Vestibular Region

What is the initial, external part of the nasal cavity with cutaneous mucous membrane, hairs, and skin glands.

The Vestibular Region.

The vestibular region is lined with....

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

What region of the Nasal Cavity is this?

Respiratory Region

A. What is the largest part of the nasal cavity? B. What is it lined with?

A. The Respiratory Region B. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. (this combination of cells is known as the Mucociliary apparatus, responsible for clearance.)

What is the Mucociliary Apparatus responsible for?

Clearance

What are the projections from the lateral wall that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane, thus regulating the quality and quantity of inhaled air.

Conchae Turbinates

What is this image depicting? What is it responsible for?

Mucociliary Apparatus: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium. (in trachea) Responsible for Clearance.

What is this image depicting?

Mucociliary Apparatus: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelum.

Goblet cells produce _________ granules.

mucinogen

Movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped airborne inhaled particles such as _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

dust and microorganisms.

What constitues a cleaning apparatus of upper respiratory passages?

Cilia and Goblet Cells

What is indicated in the oval? What do the secretions of these cells do?

Goblet Cells Secretions traps particulate matter

True or False There are an increase number of Goblet Cells in smokers?

True. (hyperplasia)

A change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Metaplasia

Ciliated Epithelial cells are connected by

Gap Junctions

The Olfactory Region: is lined with olfactory epithelium and is much _______ than respiratory epithelium. It lacks \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

The Olfactory Region: is lined with olfactory epithelium and is much **thicker** than respiratory epithelium. It lacks **goblet cells.**

What epithelium is shown in slide A?

Respiratory Epithelum

What epithelium is shown in Slide B?

Olfactory Epithelium

What region is located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity?

Olfactory Region

The Olfactory Region is lined by olfactory epithelium without \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Goblet Cells

Olfactory Region: Lamina propria contains _______________ and ______________ (non myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles Cr. N. 1.

Olfactory Region: Lamina propria contains **serous olfactory glands** and **fila olfactoria** (non myelinated axons of olfactory neurons from nerve bundles Cr. N. 1.)

What is shown here?

Ciliated Pseudostratifed Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells (red arrows)

Both olfactory and respiratory regions are rich in venous plexuses known as __________ which are distended with blood.

Swell Bodies

What is the structure indicated by O?

Olfactory neuron

What is indicated by S?

Supporting Cell

What is indicated by A?

Axons of Olfactory neurons Cr. N. 1.

What is B?

Basal Cell

What is G?

Serous Olfactory Gland

Vemeronasal Organ: Chemoreception, Sexual Behavior

What are center arrows indicating?

Vomeronasal Organ

The Larynx includes...

Cartilage Vocal Folds Skeletal Muscle

Initial part of the Larynx is lined by....

Stratified squamous epithelium

After the vocal cords, the lining of the larynx changes to...

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is this an image of?

The Trachea

The trachea is lined by

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

True or False. In the trachea, the lamina propria and the submucosa are clearly demarcated.

FALSE. In the trachea, the lamina propria and the submucosa are NOT clearly demarcated.

What is seen in the lamina propria/submucosa of the trachea?

Serous Glands

WTF is this?

Trachea.

Rings of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are incomplete dorsally, support the tracheal wall.

Cartilage

A connective tissue ________ completes the wall of the trachea.

Adventitia

FUN FACT. Birds have _________ rings of cartilage.

Complete

WTF is 1?

Cartilage

WTF is 2?

Esophagus

WTF is A?

Ciliated Cells

WTF is B?

Goblet Cells

WTF is C?

L. muscularis mucosae

WTF is D?

Serous Glands, Loose CT Vessels

WTF is E?

Cartilage

This is the Trachea. WTF is A?

Cilia

This is the Trachea. WTF is B?

Goblet Cell

This is the trachea. WTF is C?

Lamina propria mucosae

This is the trachea. WTF is D?

Basal Cells

Trachae branches into two bronchi. Bronchus has plates of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

hyaline cartilage

The trachea bifurcates into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which enter the lung and branch extensively.

Bronchi

WTF is this?

Bronchus

Bronchi are lined by....

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

What is in the circle?

Mixed Bronchial Glands

What is the arrow pointing to?

Plates of hyaline cartilage

WTF is this?

Bronchioles

Bronchi branch into \_\_\_\_\_\_

Bronchioles

Bronchioles lack

cartilage and glands

Bronchioles are subdivided into

terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles are lined by....

ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells. (a muscularis mucosae is still present in terminal bronchioles.)

What cells are located in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles, bulge at the surface, are a source of surfactant like substance, and metabolize airborne toxins.

Clara Cells

What is the arrow pointing to?

Clara Cell

What is the function of the respiratory bronchiole?

Conduction and Gas Exchange

WTF is this?

Respiratory Bronchioles

Respiratory Bronchioles are lined by

ciliated cuboidal epithelium, which becomes flattened distally

Respiratory Bronchioles have incomplete...

Respiratory Bronchioles have incomplete **muscularis mucosae**

Respiratory Bronchioles divide into....

Respiratory Bronchioles divide into **alveolar ducts**

WTF is this?

Alveolar Ducts

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into

alveolar sacs and alveoli.

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with...

simple squamous epithelial cells

The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains

The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains **smooth muscle cells**.

Alveolar ducts empty into _________ and alveoli.

Alveolar ducts empty into **alveolar sacs** and alveoli.

The presence of _________ gives the lip of the alveolus a knob like appearance on sections.

The presence of **smooth muscle** gives the lip of the alveolus a knob like appearance on sections.

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack....

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack **smooth muscle.**

Alveoli are lined by what two distinct epithelial cells?

Pneumocytes Type 1 Pneumocytes Type 2

What is this slide showing?

Pulmonary Edema: Alveolar Spaces filled with Proteinaceous Fluid.

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, providing equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed.

Pores

Pores allow __________ passage from one alveolus to another.

macrophage

What type of collagen is present in the alveolar wall?

Collagen type 3

What type of collagen is present in conducting airways?

Collagen Type 1

Pneumocyte type 1 cells are also known as

Squamous alveolar type 1 cells

Pneumocyte type 1 Cells compose ____ of the alveolar surface area.

Pneumocyte type 1 Cells compose **95%** of the alveolar surface area.

Pneumocyte Type 1 cells are not \_\_\_\_

Pneumocyte Type 1 Cells are not **mitotic**.

What is the red arrow? Grey arrow?

Pneumocyte Type 1 Pneumocyte Type 2

Pneumocyte Type II Cells are also known as

Granular alveolar Type II Cells.

Pneumocyte Type II Cells compose ___ of alveolar surface area.

Pneumoctye Type II Cells compose **5%** of alveolar surface area.

Surfactant is produced via

Lamellar bodies

Pneumocyte Type II cells containt lamellar granules that contain recently synthesized....

Pneumocyte Type II cells containt lamellar granules that contain recently synthesized **Surfactant.**

This is a mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein...

Surfactant.

This functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (atelectasis.)

Surfactant

This is constantly produced by Type II Cells

Surfactant

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturation.

**Cortisol** stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturation.

Absence of surfactant in newborns is known as

**Hyaline Membrane Disease **

What is this arrow pointing to?

Elastic Fibers

What is the Blood-Air Barrier composed of?

Vascular Endothelium Basement Membrane of the Endothelial Cell Basement Membrane of the Type I Pneumocyte Cytoplasm of the Type I Pneumocyte

What is this TEM depicting?

Blood-Air Barrier

The lungs are covered by the _________ composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium.

Visceral Pleura

The thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum are lined by _________ which is continuous with the mediastinal and _________ covering the entire surfaces of the lungs.

The thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum are lined by **parietal pleura** which is continuous with the mediastinal and **visceral pleura** covering the entire surfaces of the lungs.