respiratory histology Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What are the two major components of the respiratory system?
A
Conductive and respiratory portions.
2
Q
What is the main function of the conductive portion?
A
To transport, cleanse, humidify, and cool/warm inspired air; also responsible for olfaction and phonation.
3
Q
What is the main function of the respiratory portion?
A
Actual exchange of gases.
3
Q
Which structures are included in the conductive portion?
A
all structures from the nares to the terminal bronchioles.
4
Q
- Where does the respiratory portion begin?
A
At the respiratory bronchioles and continues through the alveoli.
4
Q
- What are the three regions of the nasal cavity?
A
Vestibular, respiratory, and olfactory regions.
5
Q
- What marks the vestibular region?
- What is the lamina propria-tela submucosa like in this region?
- What structures are found in the cutaneous part of the vestibular region?
- What types of glands assist in humidifying inspired air in the vestibular region?
A
- What marks the vestibular region?
→ The reflection of skin into mucous membrane. - What is the lamina propria-tela submucosa like in this region?
→ Coarse areolar connective tissue blending with fascia of muscle or fibrous tissue. - What structures are found in the cutaneous part of the vestibular region?
→ Hairs (vibrissae), sweat glands, sebaceous glands. - What** types of glands assist in humidifying inspired air** in the vestibular region?
→ Branched tubuloalveolar serous and mixed glands.
6
Q
What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region?
Is there a muscularis mucosae in the respiratory region?
What type of connective tissue is present in the lamina propria-t. submucosa?
What is the function of glandular tissue here?
What function does erectile tissue in the nasal mucosa perform?
Which bones house the paranasal sinuses?
A
- What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region?
→ Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. - Is there a muscularis mucosae in the respiratory region?
→ No. - What type of connective tissue is present in the lamina propria-t. submucosa?
→ Areolar connective tissue. - What is the function of glandular tissue here?
→ To humidify the air. - What function does erectile tissue in the nasal mucosa perform?
→ Warms or cools the air using the mucous membrane as a heat exchange surface. - Which bones house the paranasal sinuses?
→ Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
6
Q
Where is the olfactory region located?
A
On ethmoturbinates, dorsal turbinates, and nasal septum.
7
Q
What colors might the olfactory region appear as and why?
A
Yellow, brown, gray, or black due to pigment accumulation.
7
Q
What is the epithelial type of the olfactory region?
A
Pseudostratified columnar nonciliated epithelium.
8
Q
How thick can the olfactory epithelium be?
A
Up to 15 layers of nuclei.
9
Q
Describe sustentacular cells.
.Describe basal cells.
A
Describe sustentacular cells.
→ Tall, broad apices, narrow bases, oval vesicular nuclei near the apex.
Describe basal cells.
→ Cuboidal in shape.
10
Q
Modified neurons; apex has an olfactory vesicle with projecting cilia (olfactory hairs); round vesicular nucleus centrally or basally located; basal processes continue to brain as axons of cranial nerve I.
A
olfactory cells
10
Q
Where is the nasopharynx located?
A
Above the soft palate, connecting nasal cavity to oropharynx.
11
Q
Branched tubuloalveolar serous glands in the lamina propria; clean olfactory surface and dissolve odorants.
A
Bowman’s glands
function: clean olfactory surface and dissolve odorants.
12
Q
What is the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx?
A
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
12
Q
Is muscularis mucosae present in the nasopharynx?
A
No.
13
Q
What characterizes the lamina propria-t. submucosa of the nasopharynx?
A
Loose connective tissue, diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue, tonsils, prominent elastic fibers.
13
Q
What types of glands are present in the nasopharynx?
A
Branched tubuloalveolar, mucous, serous, and mixed glands.
14
Q
What type of muscle is in the tunica muscularis?
A
Skeletal muscle in various orientations.
15
Q
What is the tunica adventitia of the nasopharynx continuous with?
A
Underlying fascia.
16
Q
What is the function and structure of the larynx?
A
Connects pharynx to trachea; irregular muscular tube with cartilage support.
17
Q
What are the epithelial types that can line the larynx?
A
Stratified squamous or pseudostratified columnar ciliated
18
Where are taste buds found in the larynx?
On the epiglottis in **carnivores, swine, ruminants, and humans.**
19
Is muscularis mucosae present in the larynx?
No.
20
Has Areolar connective tissue with lymphatic tissue and branched tubuloalveolar mucous, serous, and mixed glands in the lamina propria-t. submucosa of this structure.
Larynx.
21
What composes the tunica muscularis of the larynx?
Striated muscle and cartilage.
22
What kind of tissue is the tunica adventitia of the larynx?
Typical connective tissue.
23
What does the trachea connect?
What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
What cell types are present in the tracheal epithelium? 6 Types enumeration
Is there a muscularis mucosae in the trachea? Yes or No
1. What does the trachea connect?
→** The larynx and the primary bronchi.**
2. What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
→ **Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium**.
3. What cell types are present in the tracheal epithelium?
→ **Goblet cells,
basal cells,
brush cells,
serous cells,
Clara cells, and
Kultschitzky (neuroendocrine/APUD) cells.**
4. Is there a muscularis mucosae in the trachea?
→** No.**
24
the lamina propria–tela submucosa of this structure is: Areolar connective tissue with branched coiled tubuloalveolar mucous glands that extend to the cartilage level.
trachea.
25
A **transversely oriented mass of smooth muscle** in the **tunica muscularis**, bridging the open ends of the **horseshoe-shaped cartilage.**
trachealis muscle
| under trachea
26
What type of tissue forms the tunica adventitia of the trachea?
Typical connective tissue that blends with surrounding fascia.
27
8. Where do extrapulmonary bronchi arise?
9. How do extrapulmonary bronchi compare structurally to the trachea?
Where do extrapulmonary bronchi arise?
→ **At the bifurcation of the trachea.**
How do extrapulmonary bronchi compare structurally to the trachea?
→ **They are structurally similar.**
28
10. How is the lung structurally classified?
11. What is the “excretory product” of the lung and how is it handled?
12. How are lungs divided anatomically?
10. How is the lung structurally classified?
→ As a **compound tubuloalveolar gland.**
11. What is the “excretory product” of the lung and how is it handled?
→ **Carbon dioxide, which is "secreted" across the alveolar surface in exchange for oxygen.**
12. How are lungs divided anatomically?
→ **Into lobes (species variable) and then into lobules.**
29
13. In which species are lobular subdivisions less distinct?
| F. Lungs: General Structure and Function
→ Ruminants and pigs.
30
In which species are lobular subdivisions absent?
| F. Lungs: General Structure and Function
Dog and cat.
31
15. Which species have Type I lungs?
16. Describe the lobular structure of Type I lungs.
17. What is unique about alveoli in Type I lungs?
18. How is the pleura described in Type I lungs?
15. Which species have **Type I lungs**?
→ **Ruminants and pigs.**
16. Describe the lobular structure of Type I lungs.
→ **Well-developed secondary lobules** with complete interlobular septa.
17. What is unique about alveoli in Type I lungs?
→ They **lack interalveolar pores of Kohn.**
18. How is the pleura described in Type I lungs?
→ **Thick pleura.**
32
19. Which species have Type II lungs?
20. Do Type II lungs have secondary lobules?
21. Describe the intraparenchymal supportive tissue in Type II lungs.
22. What is the characteristic of the visceral pleura in Type II lungs?
19. Which species have **Type II lungs?**
**→ Dog, cat, and monkey.
**
20. Do Type II lungs have secondary lobules?
**→ No.
**
21. Describe the **intraparenchymal supportive tissue in Type II lungs.**
**→ Poorly developed.**
22. What is the characteristic **of the visceral pleura** in Type II lungs?
**→ Thin.**
33
23. Which species have Type III lungs?
24. How are the secondary lobules developed in Type III lungs?
25. Describe the arrangement of interlobular septa in Type III lungs.
26. What is the pleura like in Type III lungs?
23. Which species have** Type III lungs?**
**→ Horse and human.**
24. How are the **secondary lobules developed** in Type III lungs?
→ **Incompletely developed.**
25. Describe the **arrangement of interlobular sept**a in Type III lungs.
**→ Well-defined but disorderly.**
26. What is the **pleura** like in Type III lungs?
**→ Thick visceral pleura.**
34
27. What membrane covers the lungs?
Visceral pleura.
35
Describe the lung capsule.
Coarse areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibers.
36
What characterizes interlobular connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibers.
37
What fibers dominate intralobular connective tissue?
Reticular fibers.
38
How do intrapulmonary bronchi differ from extrapulmonary bronchi?
They include a muscularis layer that is a continuation of the trachealis muscle.
39
How are intrapulmonary bronchi classified?
**Into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi** based on branching, luminal size, and wall structure.
40
Into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi based on branching, luminal size, and wall structure.
| I. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
seudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells.
41
What is the epithelial lining of intrapulmonary bronchi?
34. What type of connective tissue is in the lamina propria?
35. Is muscularis mucosae present in intrapulmonary bronchi?
36. Describe the submucosa of intrapulmonary bronchi.
37. Where are these mucous glands most abundant?
| I. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
What is the epithelial lining of intrapulmonary bronchi?
→ Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells.
34. What type of connective tissue is in the lamina propria?
→ Areolar connective tissue.
35. Is muscularis mucosae present in intrapulmonary bronchi?
→ Yes, with a spiral configuration causing mucosal folds.
36. Describe the submucosa of intrapulmonary bronchi.
→ Areolar connective tissue with branched coiled tubuloalveolar mucous glands.
37. Where are these mucous glands most abundant?
→ In the larger bronchi; they decrease toward tertiary bronchi.
42
38. In cats, how far do the glands extend?
| I. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
Into the primary bronchioles.
43
In some species, where are mucous glands restricted?
| I. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
Only in extrapulmonary bronchi, extending a short distance into the lung.
44
How do cartilaginous structures change along the bronchial tree?
| I. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
Rings diminish in size, become plates, and disappear at the transition to primary bronchioles.
45
What is the smallest division of the conductive portion of the lung?
| J. Bronchioles
Bronchioles.
46
What epithelium lines bronchioles?
| J. Bronchioles
Simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium without goblet cells.
47
Are the cells in bronchioles ciliated?
Do glands extend further or less far down the respiratory tree than cilia?
Are the cells in bronchioles ciliated?
→ Yes, particularly in primary bronchioles.
Do glands extend further or less far down the respiratory tree than cilia?
→ Glands extend less far; cilia extend further.
48
45. Describe the lamina propria in bronchioles.
46. Is muscularis mucosae present in bronchioles?
45. Describe the lamina propria in bronchioles.
→ Fine collagenous and elastic fibers.
46. Is muscularis mucosae present in bronchioles?
→ Yes, and it is continuous.
49
47. Is cartilage present in bronchioles?
48. What is the function of terminal bronchioles?
47. Is cartilage present in bronchioles?
→ No.
48. What is the function of terminal bronchioles?
→ They are the final part of the conducting airways and supply secondary lobules.
50
49. What is the function of respiratory bronchioles?
50. What type of epithelium lines respiratory bronchioles?
| Respiratory Bronchioles (Transition Zone)
49. What is the function of respiratory bronchioles?
→ Initial site of gas exchange; transitional between conducting and respiratory zones.
50. What type of epithelium lines respiratory bronchioles?
→ Simple cuboidal, some ciliated; interrupted by alveolar outpocketings.
51
51. Describe the lamina propria in respiratory bronchioles.
52. Is muscularis mucosae present?
| Respiratory Bronchioles (Transition Zone)
51. Describe the lamina propria in respiratory bronchioles.
→ Indistinct.
52. Is muscularis mucosae present?
→ Yes, but loosely organized.
52
53. Are respiratory bronchioles equally developed in all species?
54. In which species are they infrequently observed?
| Respiratory Bronchioles (Transition Zone)
53. Are respiratory bronchioles equally developed in all species?
→ No.
54. In which species are they infrequently observed?
→ Ruminants and swine.
53
55. In which species are they poorly developed?
56. In which species are they well developed?
| Respiratory Bronchioles (Transition Zone)
55. In which species are they poorly developed?
→ Horse and man.
56. In which species are they well developed?
→ Monkey and carnivores.
54
57. In which species are they absent?
58. What happens when respiratory bronchioles are absent?
| Respiratory Bronchioles (Transition Zone)
57. In which species are they absent?
→ Mouse.
58. What happens when respiratory bronchioles are absent?
→ Terminal bronchioles open directly into several alveolar ducts.
55
What is the most distal conducting airway free of alveoli?
Terminal bronchiole.
56
What type of epithelium lines the **terminal bronchiole?**
**Simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Clara cells.**
57
They are Bronchiolar exocrine cells with secretory function and capable of metabolizing xenobiotic compounds.
Clara Cells
58
What lines the alveolar ducts?
Alveolar ducts are completely **lined by alveoli.**
59
What is present along the luminal border at the apices between adjacent alveoli in alveolar ducts?
Smooth muscle.
60
Into what structures do alveolar ducts expand peripherally?
Alveolar sacs or saccules.
61
What is the common opening of alveolar sacs called?
The atrium.
62
What are the **two types of pneumocytes** in the alveolar epithelium?
a.** Type I pneumocytes** (**membranous pneumocytes**) – squamous cells for gaseous exchange.
b. **Type II pneumocytes** **(granular pneumocytes/alveolar giant cells)** – produce alveolar fluid with pulmonary surfactant.
63
type of pneumocytes in the alveolar epithelium that squamous cells for gaseous exchange.
Type I pneumocytes (membranous pneumocytes)
64
type of pneumocytes in the alveolar epithelium that produce alveolar fluid with pulmonary surfactant.
Type II pneumocytes (granular pneumocytes/alveolar giant cells)
65
Enumerate other cells found in the alveolar region.
a. **Alveolar macrophages** (dust cells) – **2–9% of lung parenchyma cells**
b. **Alveolar brush cells (noted in rats)**
66
Where do alveoli open into?
* * Alveolar sac,
* * alveolar duct, or
* the lumen of a respiratory bronchiole.
67
What separates **adjacent alveoli?**
Interalveolar septa (thin sheets of tissue).
68
**Consist of connective tissue with capillary plexus**, covered on both sides by epithelium (Type I & II pneumocytes) and capillary endothelium **attached to a continuous basal lamina.**
interalveolar septa
69
What are the two arterial systems supplying the lung?
Pulmonary artery
Bronchial arteries
70
**Follows airways to respiratory bronchioles**, continues as capillary bed around alveoli. Supplies the pleura in carnivores and monkeys.
pulmonary artery
71
Which **artery supplies the pleura in ruminants, swine, horse, and man?**
Bronchial artery.
72
What is the function of the bronchial arteries?
Primary blood supply for walls of bronchi and bronchioles.
73
How is bronchial arterial blood primarily returned to the heart?
Through the pulmonary veins, despite the presence of bronchial veins.
74
What additional structure is present in the avian upper respiratory tract compared to mammals?
The syrinx.
75
What type of epithelium lines the avian nasal cavity?
Same types as in mammals.
76
How is the avian trachea different from mammals’?
| MEMORIZE MO TO BAKA ENUMERATION
**a. Epithelium contains intraepithelial mucous glands** protruding into lamina propria
**b. Mucosal and submucosal glands variably occur**
**c. Cartilaginous rings are complete** and alternate in size
d. **Ossification of cartilage rings common in goose and ducks**
77
How are avian primary bronchi **structurally different** from the trachea?
**Cartilage rings are gradually replaced by dense white fibrous connective tissue (DWFCT)**; smooth muscle may connect the free surfaces of the cartilage.
78
Where is the syrinx located in birds?
What is the structure of the syrinx?
How are lateral vocal folds produced in the syrinx?
Where is the syrinx located in birds?
→ At the junction of the trachea and bronchi.
What is the structure of the syrinx?
→ Inverted Y-shaped with a cartilaginous bar and mucosal/submucosal fold forming the median vocal fold.
How are lateral vocal folds produced in the syrinx?
→ By drawing the bronchi toward each other at the level of the median vocal fold.
79
What type of epithelium lines the syrinx?
What is found in the lamina propria of the syrinx?
What type of epithelium lines the syrinx?
→ Bistratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium.
What is found in the lamina propria of the syrinx?
→ Mucosal glands, diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue.
80
How does the size of the avian lungs compare to the thoracic cavity?
Are avian lungs expandable?
What structures change volume during inhalation and exhalation in birds?
How is the avian bronchial tree different from that of mammals?
How does the size of the avian lungs compare to the thoracic cavity?
→ The lungs are extremely small relative to the size of the thoracic cavity.
Are avian lungs expandable?
→ No, avian lungs are not expandable and do not change volume during respiration.
What structures change volume during inhalation and exhalation in birds?
→ The air sacs, which are continuous with the lung's duct system.
How is the avian bronchial tree different from that of mammals?
→ It forms a complete air-conducting loop and lacks bronchioles.
81
What is the first structure the primary bronchi form upon entering the lung?
| Bronchial Tree Structure in Birds
The vestibulum.
82
What structure follows the vestibulum?
| Bronchial Tree Structure in Birds
The mesobronchus, **which connects to the abdominal air sac**
83
What arises from the vestibulum and mesobronchus?
What do the secondary bronchi give rise to?
What are parabronchi analogous to in mammals?
What arises from the vestibulum and mesobronchus?
→ **Secondary bronchi and air sacs.**
What do the secondary bronchi give rise to?
→ **Tertiary bronchi, also called parabronchi.**
What are parabronchi analogous to in mammals?
→ **Alveolar ducts.**
84
What radiates from parabronchi?
→ Air vesicles (atria).
What are air vesicles continuous with?
→ Air capillaries (air cells).
Bronchial Tree Structure in Birds
READ NALANG JUSKO
85
What is the path of airflow in the avian bronchial system?
→ Primary bronchus → Vestibulum → Mesobronchus → Secondary bronchi → Parabronchi → Air vesicles → Air capillaries → Return via recurrent bronchi.
86
Aid in air movement through the lungs; do not participate in gas exchange.
air sacs in birds
87
Are air sacs involved in gas exchange IN AVIANS?
HENDE (No)
88
How many air sacs are present in most birds? List them.
Nine air sacs:
One unpaired cervical
Two clavicular
Two cranial thoracic
Two caudal thoracic
Two abdominal
89
Where are air sacs located and what special feature do they have?
| Air Sacs AVIAN
They are free in the body cavities and send diverticula into pneumatic bones (e.g., humerus).
90
What structure helps return air from the air sacs to the lungs?
Recurrent bronchi.
91
Are bronchioles present in the avian lung?
No, birds do not have bronchioles.
92
Mural Elements of the Avian Lung
🔹 1. Intrapulmonary Bronchi
How does the structure of intrapulmonary bronchi compare to extrapulmonary primary bronchi?
→ They have the same structure.
🔹 2. Vestibulum & Mesobronchus
What is the structural similarity of the vestibulum and mesobronchus?
→ Both have the same structure as the intrapulmonary primary bronchi.
🔹 3. Secondary Bronchi
What is the epithelial lining of secondary bronchi?
→ Simple columnar or simple cuboidal epithelium.
Do secondary bronchi have goblet cells?
→ No, the lining is devoid of goblet cells.
Describe the lamina propria of the secondary bronchi.
→ Loose connective tissue, usually devoid of lymphatic tissue.
Why is the muscularis mucosae of the secondary bronchi interrupted?
→ Due to the presence of parabronchi and sometimes air vesicles.
🔹 4. Parabronchi
What interrupts the lining epithelium of the parabronchi?
→ Laterally projecting air vesicles.
What type of epithelium lines the parabronchi between interruptions?
→ Simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium.
🔹 5. Air Vesicles
What type of epithelium lines the air vesicles?
→ Simple squamous epithelium.
🔹 6. Air Capillaries
What type of epithelium lines the air capillaries?
→ Simple squamous epithelium.
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