Respiratory Histology Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
Where does cell respiration take place?
A
mitochondria
2
Q
Where does mechanical respiration take place?
A
- lungs
- trachea and bronchi
- elastic and collagen fibers
3
Q
Ventilation mechanism components?
A
- thoracic cage
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
4
Q
Conducting division of respiratory system?
A
- nasal cavity (paranasal sinuses)
- nasopharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- how air gets into body
5
Q
Respiratory division of respiratory system?
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
- oxygen exchange
6
Q
Functions of respiratory system?
A
- conduction of air to and from lungs
- Conditioning air
- cleanse
- moisten
- warm - Additional functions
- smell
- speech
- exchange of gases
7
Q
Histological features of conduction?
A
- Hyaline cartilage
- collagen
- elastic fibers
- smooth muscles
8
Q
What cleans the air?
A
- Vibrissae (nose hairs)
- macrophages
- mucus
9
Q
What moistens the air?
A
serous and mucus glands
10
Q
What warms the air?
A
-capillary network in conchae
11
Q
Histological layers of conduction portion of respiratory system?
A
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
- smooth muscle
- serous glands
- hyaline cartilage
12
Q
Cells of the Respiratory epithelium?
A
- Ciliated columnar cells
- goblet cells
- basal cells
13
Q
Importance of cilia in respiratory?
A
moves particles out
14
Q
Olfactory epithelium?
A
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
- no goblet cells
- cilia is immotile
- supporting (sustentacular cells)
- olfactory neuron (mature and immature)
- basal cells
15
Q
Olfactory glands of Bowman?
A
- present under epithelium
- secrete serous fluid containing odorant binding protein (OBP)
- no mucus glands
16
Q
Paranasal sinuses?
A
- maxillary
- frontal
- ethmoidal
- sphenoid
17
Q
Histology of paranasal sinuses?
A
- respiratory epithelium
- fewer goblet cells
- less glands in lamina propria
- less extensive venous plexus
18
Q
Surfer’s sinusitis?
A
- sinusitis: inflammation of mucosa lining sinus cavities
- swelling of mucus blocks the flow of mucus and pressure builds up, causing pain and inflammation
- due to salt water entering nose and paranasal sinuses
19
Q
Nasopharynx histology?
A
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
- nasal surface
20
Q
Oropharynx histology?
A
- stratified squamous epithelium
- oral surface
21
Q
Larynx function?
A
- produce sound
- close trachea during swallowing
22
Q
Larynx histology?
A
- Respiratory epithelium
- except true vocal cords - Hyaline cartilage
- thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid - Elastic cartilage
- epiglottis - Lamina Propria
- loose areolar CT beneath epithelium
- seromucous glands
- mast cells (hypersensitivity leading to edema and laryngeal obstruction)
23
Q
True vocal cords histology?
A
- stratified squamous epithelium
- vocal ligament (elastic fiber)
- vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)
24
Q
Trachea histology?
A
- respiratory epithelium
- 16-20 C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
- smooth muscle (trachealis- changes shape for bolus to move through)
- submucosal glands
25
Bronchopulmonary segment?
-gross anatomic unit of lung that can be removed surgically
26
Bronchi histology?
- first branch off trachea
- respiratory epithelium
- plates or cartilage (complete rings)
- smooth muscle
- glands
27
Transition from Bronchus (>5mm) to Bronchiole (<5mm)?
1. bronchioles lack cartilage and glands
2. number of goblet cells decreases distally, replaced by clara cells
3. Epithelium changes
- pseudostratified columnar with cilia
- simple columnar with cilia
- simple cuboidal with cilia (terminal bronchiole)
- simple cuboidal (respiratory bronchiole)
28
Terminal bronchiole histology?
1. simple cuboidal epithelium with cilia
2. Clara cells
3. Neuroepithelial cells
4. Lamina propria is smooth muscle and elastic fibers
29
Function of Clara cells?
- produce a component of surfactant
- regulate transport of chloride ions
- produce proteins that protect the bronchiolar lining from oxidative pollutants
30
Function of neuroepithelial cells?
- chemoreceptors reacting to gas composition
| - epithelial cell renewal
31
Respiratory portion function?
-exchange O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood
32
Respiratory portion (pulmonary lobule) histology?
1. Respiratory bronchioles
- simple cuboidal with cilia
- changes to simple cuboidal
- walls are interrupted
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Alveoli
33
Alveolar duct and sac?
- tube consisting of alveoli
- isolated smooth muscle bundles
- individual smooth muscle fibers in alveoli sacs and alveoli
34
Alveoli histology?
1. 2 thin squamous epithelial cells (endothelium)
2. capillaries
3. fibroblasts
4. macrophages (dust cells)
5. collagen
6. elastic fibers
7. alveolar pores (10-15 um)
35
Pneumocytes?
1. Type 1
- 90% of alveolar surface
2. Type 2
- 10% of surface
- located in interalveolar septum
- creates surfactant (prevents collapse of alveoli)
- phospholipid film over lower aqueous phase
- less force for inspiration
- constant turnover
36
Blood air barrier (0.1-1.5um)?
- cytoplasm and plasma membrane or alveolar cells
- fused basal laminae of alveolar and endothelial cells (fenestrated capillaries)
- plasma membrane and cytoplasm of endothelial cell
37
Emphysema?
1. Clinical:
- shortness of breath
- fifth decade of life
- productive cough and acute chest illness, worse in morning
- small amounts of colorless sputum from concomitant bronchitis
2. Histopathology
- chronic respiratory bronchiolitis
- destruction of alveolar architecture
- prominent accumulation of macrophages
- marked bronchiolitis of terminal bronchioles
38
Pulmonary arteries and veins?
1. pump blood to lungs for O2 and back to heart
2. run with bronchi toward alveoli
3. artery: deoxygenated
4. vein: oxygenated
39
Bronchial arteries function?
- nutrition to lungs
- small branches off Aorta
- eventually anastomose with small branches of pulmonary artery
- spread around alveoli
40
Where do bronchial veins drain into?
Azygous and Hemiazygous veins
41
Pleura?
- serous membrane covering lung and lining thoracic cavity
- 2 layers: parietal and visceral (mesothelial cells and CT)
- pleural cavity contains thin film of liquid for lubrication
