Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory System > Respiratory Histology/Embryology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology/Embryology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and body cells occurs through 4 processes. Discuss each of the 4 process below:

  1. Breathing
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
  4. Cellular respiration
A

Breathing: entrance an exit of air into and out of the lungs

External respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood (respiratory system)

Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid (circulatory system)

Cellular respiration: metabolic rxns associated w/ the oxidation of fats, carbs, and amino acids and give off CO2 during the production of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_________ is the entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs.

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

A. Breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exchange of gases between blood and tissue (circulatory system) is a form of which of the following?

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

C. Internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolic reactions associated with the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids and give off CO2 during the production of ATP.

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

D. Cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Exchange of gases between air and blood (Respiratory system):

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

B. External respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Exchange of gases in the respiratory system is which of the following processes?

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

B. External respiration

External respiration = respiratory system

Internal respiration = circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Exchange of gases in the Circulatory system is which of the following processes?

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

C. Internal respiration

External respiration = Respiratory system

Internal respiration = Circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the 5 functions of the Respiratory System:

A
  1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood (@ alveoli)
  2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs (Conducting airways)
  3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment (modulates pH)
  4. Produces sounds
  5. Participates in olfaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________ is a respiratory defense system that includes mucous cells (globlet cells), mucous glands and cilia.

A

Mucociliary Escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Discuss the Mucociliary Escalator:

  • What does it consist of?
  • How does it function?
A

Mucociliary Escalator

Consists of:

  • Mucous cells (globlet cells)
  • Mucous glands
  • Cilia (ciliated columnar epithelial cells)

Function: moves mucous up the pharynx where it ends up getting swallowed and enters the stomach (phlegm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ seperates the pericardial and pleural cavities.

A. Septum transversum

B. Pleuropericardial folds

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

B. Pleuropericardial folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

________ partially divides the thoracic and peritoneal cavities at the 4th week.

A. Septum transversum

B. Pleuropericardial folds

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

A. Septum transversum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the following occurs at the 4th week?

A. Septum transversum partially divides the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

B. Pericardial and pleural cavities are separated by pleuropericardial folds

A

A. Septum transversum partially divides the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

As lungs develop, they expand into the ________.

A. Septum transversum

B. Pleuropericardial folds

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pericardioperitoneal canals are closed by _________.

A

Pleuroperitoneal membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following inhibits branching?

A. Tracheal mesenchyme

B. Bronchial mesenchyme

A

A. Tracheal mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the following promotes branching?

A. Tracheal mesenchyme

B. Bronchial mesenchyme

A

B. Bronchial mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

________ is the master regulator that coordinates branching during lung development.

A

Nkx 2.1

Nkx 2.1 = increases proliferation and branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

All of the following are components of the Upper Respiratory System EXCEPT:

A. Nasal cavity

B. Pharynx

C. Larynx

D. All of the above are componentents of the upper respiratory system

A

C. Larynx

Upper Respiratory System:

  • nasal cavity and pharynx

Lower Respiratory System:

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

All of the following are components of the Lower Respiratory Tract EXCEPT:

A. Pharynx

B. Larynx

C. Trachea

D. Bronchi

E. Lungs

A

A. Pharynx

note: the pharynx and nasal cavity are components of the upper respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 components of the upper respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 components of the Lower Respiratory System?

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchi
  4. Lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 6 components of the Conducting Zone in regards to the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles

note: the conducting zone contains all of the components of the upper and lower respiratory system minus the lungs and add bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 components of the Respiratory Zone in regards to the respiratory system?

A
  1. Repiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
All of the following are components of the **respiratory zone** EXCEPT: A. Respiratory bronchioles B. Bronchi C. Alveolar ducts D. Alveolar sacs E. Alveoli
B. Bronchi note: the respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles and anything to do with alveoli
26
Describe what Dead Space is in regards to the respiratory system:
Dead space is the airr locked up in the conducting zone that you do not have access to. Every time you breath in you only absorb about 50% of the oxygen. The remaining oxygen always remains in the conducting zone every time you breath in and out. **Dead space is the volume of air that is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange**, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
27
Discuss the Nose: * Discuss both portions: * External portion and Internal portion * Discuss the movement of air starting with the nostrils and ending in the pharynx: * What are the 3 nasal functions?
**_Nose_** ## Footnote **External portion:** * contains two nostrils (nares), bone, cartilage and internal membrane covered with skin **Internal portion:** * Nasal cavities (divided by the nasal septum), containing thre boney shelves, connect external openings to the throat * Nasal hairs * Internal nares **Nasal function: warm, humidity, and filter incoming air, and provide a passageway for exiting air (nasal conchae)**
28
Discuss the Pharynx: * Why is the pharynx characterized by dual function? * What are the 3 segments of the pharynx? * What are each of the 3 segments composed of? * pseuostratified ciliated columnar epithelium or stratified squamous epithelium:
**_Pharynx:_** **Pharynx has dual function:** * passageway for **food** traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus * passageway for **air** traveling between the nasal (or oral) cavity to the larynx **Three Segments of the Pharynx:** * **Nasopharynx = Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar** * **Oropharynx = Stratified squamous** * **Laryngopharynx = Stratified squamous**
29
All of the following segments are composed of Stratified Squamous epithelium EXCEPT: A. Nasopharynx B. Oropharynx C. Laryngopharynx D. All of the above are composed of stratified squamous epithelium
A. Nasopharynx Nasopharynx = Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Oropharynx = Stratified Squamous Laryngopharynx = Stratified Squamous
30
Which of the following is referred to as the **"Voice Box"**? A. Pharynx B. Larynx C. Trachea D. Bronchial tree
B. Larynx
31
All of the following are true about the Larynx EXCEPT: A. Enlargment in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx B. Composed of 9 cartilages, which includes the epiglottis C. Bi-directionally conducts air between trachea and the pharynx D. Prevents foreign object from entering trachea during swallowing E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
32
Discuss the Larynx: * What is it? * What is it known as? * What does it house? * What is it composed of? * What is a major component that prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea during swallowing? * What are vocal cords composed of? * False vocal cords vs True vocal cords:
**_Larynx:_** * Enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below pharynx * Known as the "**Voice Box**" * Houses the vocal cords * Composed of 9 cartilages * **Epiglottis** (elastic) * Thyroid cartilage (hyaline) * Crocoid cartilage (hyaline) * Epiglottis prevents foreing objects from entering trachea during swallowing * Vocal cords are composed of muscle and elastic connective tissue * False vocal cords: * Do NOT produce sounds * Assist with closure of airway when swallowing * **True vocal cords:** * produces sound * contracting or relaxing changes pitch * Altering force of air passing the cords changes volume Note: thee larynx bi-directionally conducts air between trachea and the pharynx
33
Discuss the Trachea:
**_Trachea_** * Flexible cylindrical tube * _Connect larynx to bronchi_ * 15-20 **"C" -shaped cartilaginous rings (hyaline)** lined with: * **Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium** * **Mucous producing globlet cells** * Cilia push mucus UP toward larynx (**Mucociliary Escalator**)
34
Discuss the Left Lung vs Right Lung:
**_Left Lung:_** * **Left is longer** * Displaced by the **heart** * Contains the cardiac notch * Has **two lobes** (superior and inferior) * contains an oblique fissure **_Right Lung:_** * **Right is wider** * Displaced by the **liver** * Has **three lobes** (superior, middle, inferior) * Contains an oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
35
Discuss the Bronchial Tree: * Structurally similar to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Facilitates passage of air from ______ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * What is one important function of the bronchial tree? * What are the components of the conducting zone that is located in the bronchial Bronchial Tree? * Discuss cartilage and smooth muscle in regards to the bronchial tree:
Bronchial Tree * Structurally similar to the **Trachea** * Facilitates passage of air from **trachea** to **alveoli** * **Filters incoming air** * **Conducting Zone:** * Primary bronchi (most cartilage) * Secondary bronchi * Tertiary bronchi * Bronchioles * Terminal bronchioles (smooth muscle) * As branching continues, **cartilage** diminishes and disappears completely at bronchioles * **Smooth muscle** becomes more prominent as cartilage decreases
36
**Respiration** occurs in all of the following components of the Alveolus EXCEPT: A. Terminal bronchioles B. Respiratory bronchioles C. Alveolar ducts D. Alveolar sacs E. Alveoli
A. Terminal bronchioles note: even though terminal bronchioles are apart of the Alveolus, it is still of the collecting zone The Alveolus is composed of: * Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
37
Discuss the Alveolus: * What is it composed of? * What is its main function? * How big is the surface area?
**_Alveolus_** * Terminal bronchioles, [respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli] (everything in the brackets are part of the respiratory zone) * **_Site of Gas Exchange_** * Surface area is half of the size of a tennis court or 30-40 greater than surface area of skin
38
Discuss the Alveolus: * Surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Lined with ________ (a film of lipoprotein) * What are the 2 functions of the answer for the statement above? * Maintains a thin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Alveolus * Surrounded by capillaries (for gas exchange) * Lined with Surfactant (a film of lipoprotein) * Surfactant lowers surface tension and prevents closure of the alveoli * Maintains a thin respiratory membrane
39
What are the 4 components of the **thin Respiratory Membrane** that air needs to pass through?
1. **Type I alveolar epithelium** 2. **Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium** 3. **Basement membrane of the endothelium** (simple squamous) 4. **Endothelium** note: CO2 goes the opposite way (#4 ---\> #1) (when you exhale note: it is very important that the respiratory membrane is thin. If it was too thick it would be more difficult for O2 to cross through those four cells. If it was too thin it could crack and cause other problems **\*\*\*Possible EXAM Q\*\*\***
40
All of the following are part of the Trachea/Bronchus EXCEPT: A. Ciliated epithelium B. Globlet cells C. Glands D. Cartilage E. Clara cell
E. Clara cell **_Trachea/Bronchus:_** * Ciliated epithelium * Globlet cells * Glands * Cartilage * Smooth muscle cell **_Bronchiolus_**: * Clara cells * Capillaries * Basal membrane * Surfactant **_Alveolus:_** * Type I pneumocytes * Alveolar septum * Type II pneumocytes
41
What are Clara cells?
Clara cells are stem cells that can develop into any of the other cell types if needed. Clara cells are immunologic mediators also.
42
Clara cells are located in which of the following? A. Trachea/Bronchi B. Bronchioles C. Alveoli D. All of the above E. None of the above
B. Bronchioles
43
Surfactanct is located in which of the following? A. Trachea/Bronchi B. Bronchioles C. Alveoli D. All of the above E. None of the above
B. Bronchioles
44
All of the following are located in the **Alveolus** EXCEPT: A. Type I pneumocytes B. Type II pneumocytes C. Alveolar septum D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
45
Which of the following cells are located in the Trache/Bronchus? A. Globlet cells B. Clara cells C. Type I pneumocytes D. Type II pneumocytes E. None of the above
A. Globlet cells
46
Discuss each of the following: * Alveolar Type I Pneumocytes * Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes
**_Alveolar Type I Pneumocytes:_** * Very few in number but are massive cells that make up 97% of respiratory surface * Organelles are grouped together * Occluding junctions * **Barrier, highly gas permeable (simple squamous)** **_Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes:_** * **Can convert into Type I pneumocytes by mitosis** * Foamy cytoplasm of lamellar bodies * **Produces** Pulmonary **surfactant** note: surfactant is 90% lipid and 10% protein
47
All of the following are true regarding Type I Alveolar Pneumocytes EXCEPT: A. small in number but large in size making up majority of respiratory surface B. Organelles are grouped together C. Can convert into Type II pneumocytes via mitosis D. Barrier highly gas permeable E. All of the above are true
C. Can convert into Type II pneumocytes via mitosis **Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes:** * _produce surfactant_ * **can convert into Type I pneumocytes via mitosis**
48
All of the following are true regarding Type I Alveolar Pneumocytes EXCEPT: A. small in number but large in size making up majority of respiratory surface B. Organelles are grouped together C. Produces surfactant D. Barrier highly gas permeable E. All of the above are true
C. Produces surfactant note: type II produces surfactant (turnover)
49
What cells are the major protection against bad things entering the **Alveolus** and where exactly are they located?
**Macrophages** (dust cells) located in the interalveolar septum note: they eat the bad stuff, die and become dust cells that are carried to the pharynx by the mucociliary escalator.
50
DONT FORGET!!!
There is an image in one of the team activities on canvas that he will ask us to identify certain things on for the exam This image is located in the first day labeled "Team 2 docx"
51
Identify what 1-3 are in regards to the picture below:
1. Nasal cavity 2. Internal nares 3. Nasopharynx
52
Identify 4-6 in the picture below:
4. Entrance to auditory tube 5. Soft palate 6. Palatine tonsil
53
Identify #7 in the picture below:
54
Identify #13 in the picture below:
55
Identify #12 in the picture below:
56
Identify #9 in the picture below:
57
Identify #18 in the picture below:
Cricoid cartilage
58
Identify 7-9 in the picture below:
7. Oropharynx 8. Epiglottis 9. Laryngopharynx
59
Identify 10-12 in the picture below:
10. Glottis 11. Vocal fold 12. Nasal conchae
60
Identify 13-15 in the picture below:
13. External nares 14. Hard palate 15. Oral cavity
61
Identify 16-18 in the picture below:
16. Hyoid 17. Thyroid cartilage 18. Cricoid cartilage
62
Identify #19 in the picture below:
19. Trachea

Respiratory System (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions