Respiratory Infection Flashcards
(46 cards)
What are signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection?
cough sneezing runny or stuffy nose sore throat headache
What are signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection?
productive cough muscle aches wheezing breathlessness fever fatigue
What are signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
chest pain
blue tinting of the lips
severe fatigue
high fever
Are acute respiratory infections one of the top ten global causes of death?
yes
What is DALY?
Disability-adjusted Life Year
A sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lost to Disability (YLP)
As age increases, what happens to rates of pneumonia?
increase
What are common causative agents of bacterial respiratory infection?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Myxoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What are common causative agents of viral respiratory infection?
Influenza A or B virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Human metapneumovirus Human rhinovirus Coronavirus
List different ways of acquiring pneumonia
community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator acquired
List examples of pathogens that usually cause community acquired pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (40-50%) Myxoplasma pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Chlamydia pneumoniae Haemophilus Influenzae
List examples of pathogens that usually cause hospital acquired pneumonia.
Staphylococcus aureus Psuedomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella species E. Coli Acinetobacter spp. Enterobacter spp.
List examples of pathogens that usually cause ventilator acquired pneumonia.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25%) Staphylococcus aureus(20%) Enterobacter
Briefly outline mechanisms of damage of pneumonia.
lung injury > arterial hypoxemia > ARDS
bacteremia, systemic inflammation, treatment > organ infection > sepsis
What is supportive therapy/treatment for bacterial pneumonia?
hypoxia > oxygen
dehydration > fluids
pain > analgesia
nebulised saline may help expectoration
What types of antibiotics should you give to treat bacterial pneumonia? Give examples.
penicillins e.g. amoxicillin
macrolides e.g. clarithromycin
Briefly describe how penicillins work.
beta lactams that bind proteins in the bacterial cell wall to prevent transpeptidation
Briefly describe how macrolides work.
bind to the bacterial ribosome to prevent protein synthesis
What is the key to increasing the success of antibiotics?
time to administration
using an effective AB (typical CAPs may respond to penicillins, atypical CAPs require macrolides)
Define microbiota.
Ecological communities of microbes found inside multi-cellular organisms
Define commensal.
Microbes that live in a “symbiotic” relationship with their host
Define opportunistic pathogen.
A microbe that takes advantage of a change in conditions (often immuno-suppression)
Define pathobiont.
microbe that is normally commensal, but if found in the wrong environment (e.g. anatomical site) can cause pathology.
Give an example of an opportunistic pathogen.
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Risk factors for active TB?
HIV
alcohol
smoking
