Respiratory infections Flashcards
(28 cards)
what are the types of disease of the respiratory tract and what are the two big categories
Upper Respiratory Tract and Lower Respiratory Tract. Upper = pharyngitis and diptheria. Lower = Pneumonia and tuberculosis (extra-pulmonary)
what pathogens cause upper respiratory disease
pharyngitis (S. pyogenes)
diptheria (C. dipetheriae)
What pathogens cause lower respiratory disease
pneumonia (1. Strep pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, primary M. tuberulosis)
Tuberculosis - M. tuberculosis
What is the presentation and offending organism of diptheria
Corynebacterium Diptheria. Presents with fever, malaise and “gray membrane”. ultimately to cardiac and neurological manifestations
What causes disease all over the body
the toxin spreads. not the bacteria
What is the mechanism of C. diptheria?
the toxin leads to ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 which leads to blockage of protein synthesis. The ultimate ending is cardiac and neurological manifestations
how does one prevent diptheria? how does this intervention work
prevention is done by giving the vaccine which is a toxoid vaccine. The tetanus ab will then neutralize the toxin and prevent host damage.
How does one treat a diptheria case
use an antitoxin and abx
What are the the two types of pneumonia and what is the difference between the two?
typical and atypical. typical (involves a single lobe). atypical (bilateral and is a patchy infiltrate all over the lungs
What is the presentation and common pathogens for a typical pneumonia. What about sputum culture
usually a gram+ bacteria that responds to a beta-lactam. easy to culture from the sputum.
It will present acutely and severely (sudden onset)
Common suspects are : S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenza (this is gram-), and K. pneumoniae (also gram-)
What is the presentation and common pathogens for an atypical pneumonia. What about sputum culture
onset is gradual (mild progressing to sever). Not really found in the sputum. generally is a gram negative bug.
common suspects: Legionaire. pneumophila, Mycobacterium. pneumoniae, C. pneumo (?)
resp. viruses.
What are risk factors for strep pneumo?
older adults. risk factors of lung dz, smoking, respiratory virus
What pathogen is commonly found after infection with influenza?
Staph aureus. It will have a typical pneumonia pattern
Describe the presentation of pneumococcal. sputum?
Acute onset fever with pleuritic pain and cough. Sputum will be rust coloured. you will find gram positive cocci in pairs
What is a common respiratory bug in immunocompromised hosts and why is this
pseudomona. aeruginosa. It can form a biofilm
What immunocompromised states are more prone to p. aeruginosa infection
cystic fibrosis, hospitalized, on a ventilator
Describe the look of p. aeruginosa
It is a gram- bacillus
What is a biofilm
an aggregate of bacteria that forms and extracellular matris. It makes it resistant to antibiotics and host defenses
describe legionella pneumophila on a cellular level
It is an intracellular bacterium that lives within the phagosome. It is a gram negative
how many serotypes and how does one dx legionella
There is only 1 serogroup and you can dx via a primary urinary antigen test
Descrive the presentation of legionella
non-productive cough, fever, dyspnea. Exposure to misted h20 a fisk factor
What are the two types of TB
primary TB and reactivation TB.
What determines whether you get latent TB or progressive primary TB
strong immune response which just means that the mycobacterium will persist. weak immune response means they flourish and take over the lung
What is characteristic of reactivation TB
Fever, nigh sweats, weight loss. pulmonary cough and cavitation
extrapulmonary manifestations occur in many body sites.
