Respiratory Lecture

Question 1

Respiration for Speech

Answer 1

Primary function of respiratory system is breathing for life. Secondary function is communication, i.e. speech production

Question 2

Rest Breathing

Answer 2

the inspiratory phase and expiratory phase are of fairly equal duration

Question 3

Speech Breathing

Answer 3

the inspiratory phase is shorter in duration and the expiratory phase is longer

Question 4

Speech occurs during the exp. cycle

Answer 4

expiratory cycle, i.e. we speak on exhaled air.

Question 5

Speech requires adequate respiratory drive for

Answer 5

both phonation (vocal fold vibration) and speech sound production..

Question 6

Respiratory drive refers to

Answer 6

air flow and air pressure

Question 7

All speech sounds (phonemes), whether voiced or unvoiced, require …

Answer 7

adequate airflow and air pressure.

Question 8

Pressure is defined as

Answer 8

a stress or force acting in any direction against resistance, uniformly applied over a surface, and measured as force per unit of area.

Question 9

Subglottal pressure (Ps) is the air pressure that

Answer 9

builds BELOW the adducted vocal folds (VFs).

Question 10

EX of Subglottal pressure: The Ps overcomes

Answer 10

the VF closure and the membranous VFs open

Question 11

Flow is defined as

Answer 11

the quantity of fluid (gas, liquid or vapour) that passes a point per. unit time.

Question 12

Example of Flow: As the membranous VFs open,

Answer 12

air flows between the opening VFs. The air passes between the VFs into the supraglottic area and travels superiorly in the VT into the oral or nasal cavities.

Question 13

For speech, both …

Answer 13

ir pressure and flow are important.

Question 14

Phonation:

Answer 14

adequate air pressure and flow are needed for vocal fold vibration

Question 15

Unvoiced speech sounds:

Answer 15

adequate air flow and air pressure are needed to produce unvoiced fricatives, affricates and stop consonants

Question 16

Air pressure and air flow are 2 different things.

Answer 16

are 2 different things.

Question 17

VF vibration:

Answer 17

there must be adequate air pressure to initiate and maintain VF vibration.

Question 18

Even unvoiced speech sounds, such as high pressure consonants like stops, fricatives and affricates:

Answer 18

require adequate air flow and pressure for production.

Question 19

Primary muscles of inspiration: DE

Accessory muscles of respiration – there are many! See page 10-11 table 1-1 in your Sapienza & Hoffman-Ruddy text

Answer 19

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Question 20

Primary muscles of expiration: IRAT

Answer 20

Internal intercostal
Abdominal obliques
Transverse abdominus
Rectus abdominus

Question 21

Accessory muscles of respiration: 6!

Answer 21

sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
latissimus dorsi
serratus posterior superior.

Question 22

What is the Diaphragm:

Answer 22

Separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

Is the major muscle of inspiration

Question 23

Diaphragm Origins:

On contraction, the diaphragm

 * moves downward & flattens and enlarges the chest cavity
  * the downward force of diaphragm is transferred to lower ribs which expand 
  * enlarging the thoracic cavity creates the inspiratory manuever

Answer 23

Attaches to the sternum and xiphoid process anteriorly, the L1 through the L3 lumbar vertebrae and the arcuate ligaments posteriorly, and the costal margin peripherally.

Question 24

Diaphragm Insertion:

Answer 24

Attaches to the central aponeurotic tendon

Question 25

On contraction, the diaphragm: * moves: * the downward force: * enlarging the:

Answer 25

* moves downward & flattens and enlarges the chest cavity * the downward force of diaphragm is transferred to lower ribs which expand * enlarging the thoracic cavity creates the inspiratory manuever

Question 26

Inspiratory Muscles: External Intercostals Origin: Insertion: Function:

Answer 26

Origin: Superior boarder of ribs above Insertion: inferior boarder of ribs below Function: Elevates the ribcage during inspiration

Question 27

Expiratory Muscles: Internal Intercostals Origin: Insertion: Function:

Answer 27

Origin: Inferior border of rib below Insertion: Superior border of rib above Function: Lowers the rib cage on expiration

Question 28

Expiratory Muscles: Internal Obliques Origin: Insertion: Function:

Answer 28

Internal Obliques: O: Anterior iliac crest, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament I: Costal cartilages of ribs 8-12, abdominal aponeurosis Function: Lowers rib cage, assists forced expiration, active only during speech breathing, aids in raising intra-abdominal pressure

Question 29

Expiratory Muscles; External Obliques: Origin: Insertion: Function:

Answer 29

O: External surfaces of ribs 5-12 I: Abdominal aponeurosis and iliac crest Function: Lowers rib cage and compresses abdomen, active during speech breathing

Question 30

Expiratory Muscles: Rectus Abdominus Origin: Insertion: Function:

Answer 30

Origin: Pubic symphysis and crest Insertion: Xyphoid process, sternum and lower ribs Function: Compresses the abdomen, increases abdominal pressure. Active only during speech breathing

Question 31

Expiratory Muscles: Traversus Abdominus Origin: Insertion: Function:

Answer 31

Origin: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, posterior vertebral column Insertion: Abdominal aponeurosis and inner surfaces of lower 6 ribs Function: Compresses abdomen, active only during speech breathing

Question 32

Inspiration and Expiration : Boyle’s Law

Answer 32

Boyle’s Law – For a fixed amount of gas, pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Question 33

Boyle’s Law: Inspiration

Answer 33

Inspiration - When the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage expands, thoracic volume increases, pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs.

Question 34

Boyle’s Law: Expiration

Answer 34

Expiration - When the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage lowers, thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases, and air is expelled from the lungs.

Question 35

Active and Passive Expiration: | Inspiration is ALWAYS...

Answer 35

Inspiration is ALWAYS active and requires contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

Question 36

Differences between rest breathing and speech breathing: | Rest Breathing:

Answer 36

Expiration is passive. The diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil of the lungs and rib cage result in expulsion of air. For rest breathing, the inspiratory and expiratory phases of respiration are equal.

Question 37

Differences between rest breathing and speech breathing: | Breathing for Speech -

Answer 37

Expiration is both passive and active. Initially, the diaphragm and external intercostals remain active during speech as a checking force to the passive elastic recoil of lungs and rib cage. Eventually elastic recoil, the passive force, runs its course and the expiratory muscles must be activated. This is active expiration. The internal intercostals and obliques lower the ribcage, while the rectus, transverse abdominus, and external obliques compress the abdomen, pushing abdominal contents upward against the diaphragm and increasing intra-abdominal pressure to force air outward. For speech, the expiratory phase is much longer than the inspiratory phase of respiration.

Question 38

Therapeutic Considerations Respiratory disorders such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Emphysema, Asthma may :

Answer 38

impact breath support for speech Neurogenic disorders such as MS may impact breath support for speech Dyspnea – labored breathing, or feeling of ‘air hunger,’ may accompany voice disorders that compromise the airway; conversely, voice disorders that result in incomplete glottal closure may result in a feeling of ‘running out of breath’ while speaking. Over-development of the abdominal wall due to physical exercise may result in decreased abdominal wall expansion during inspiration, and possibly, inadequate lung volume for speech and singing. Over-contraction of abdominal wall, or ‘abdominal muscle pumping,’ during speech may result in too much air pressure and depletion of breath too soon when speaking. Pushing the abdominal wall outward to arrest diaphragmatic elevation/relaxation - forcefully pushing out abdominal wall can cause increased VF adductory forces and should be discouraged, especially for singers.

Question 39

Neurogenic disorders such as MS may impact breath support for speech

Answer 39

impact breath support for speech

Question 40

Dyspnea:

Answer 40

labored breathing, or feeling of ‘air hunger,’ may accompany voice disorders that compromise the airway; conversely, voice disorders that result in incomplete glottal closure may result in a feeling of ‘running out of breath’ while speaking. Over-development of the abdominal wall due to physical exercise may result in decreased abdominal wall expansion during inspiration, and possibly, inadequate lung volume for speech and singing.

Question 41

Over-contraction of the abdominal wall, or ‘abdominal muscle pumping,’ during speech may result in:

Answer 41

too much air pressure and depletion of breath too soon when speaking.

Question 42

Pushing the abdominal wall outward to arrest diaphragmatic elevation/relaxation - forcefully pushing out abdominal wall can cause

Answer 42

increased VF adductory forces and should be discouraged, especially for singers.

Question 43

Over-development of the abdominal wall due to physical exercise may result in

Answer 43

decreased abdominal wall expansion during inspiration, and possibly, inadequate lung volume for speech and singing.