RESPIRATORY (MODULE)

Question 1

Effects of smoking

Answer 1

1. Impaired respiratory cilia
2. Production of excess mucus
3. Development of Lung Cancer

Question 2

The upper respiratory system consists of _________, _________ _________, _________ _________, and _________.

Answer 2

Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx (throat)

Question 3

Functions of URS

Answer 3

Filter, warm, humidify incoming air

Question 4

The lower respiratory system consists of _________, _________, _________, _________, and _________ of the _________.

Answer 4

Larynx (Voice Box), Trachea (Windpipe), Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli of the Lungs

Question 5

All respiratory structures that air passes through from the external environment are lined with mucous membrane, except _________.

Answer 5

Sites of gas exchange

Question 6

Serves as a conduit to move air

Answer 6

Conducting portion

Question 7

Organs of conducting portion

Answer 7

Nasal cavity to larger bronchioles

Question 8

Portion where gas exchange takes place

Answer 8

Respiratory portion

Question 9

Thinly stretched epithelial cells that make up 95% of the surface area of the lung

Answer 9

Type I alveolar cells/ Squamous alveolar cells

Question 10

T/F: The lungs are anchored to the ribcage

Answer 10

False. They move with the ribcage through suction.

Question 11

The space between parietal and visceral pleura filled with small amount of fluid.

Answer 11

Intrapleural space

Question 12

T/F: Blood or air can go into intrapleural space when an individual is healthy.

Answer 12

False. Blood or air can only get in the space during injury.

Question 13

Three basic steps of respiration

Answer 13

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

Question 14

The physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract.

Answer 14

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

Question 15

One inspiration plus the following expiration is called a _________ _________.

Answer 15

Respiratory cycle

Question 16

During resting inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is _________ _________ the atmospheric pressure.

Answer 16

Less than

Question 17

The effects of surface tension in alveoli is reduced by lipoproteins called _________.

Answer 17

Surfactants

Question 18

Steps of Inspiration

Answer 18

1. Impulses are conducted on phrenic nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm, contracting them.
2. Diaphragm moves downward, the thoracic cavity expands.
3. External intercostal muscles may contract, raising the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity further.
4. The intra-alveolar pressure decreases.
5. Atmospheric pressure, greater than intra-alveolar pressure, forces air into the respiratory tract
   through the air passages.
6. The lungs fill with air.

Question 19

In forced inhalation, the _________ _________, _________, and the _________ also pull the thoracic cage.

Answer 19

Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoids, and the scalenes.

Question 20

Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is _________ _________ atmospheric pressure.

Answer 20

Greater than.

Question 21

In forced expiration, the _________ _________ _________ work to increase air pressure in lungs, and the _________ _________ pull organs downward.

Answer 21

Internal (expiratory) intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

Question 22

Steps of expiration

Answer 22

1. The diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax.
2. Elastic tissues of the lungs, suddenly recoil, and surface
   tension pulls in on alveolar walls.
3. Tissues recoiling around the lungs increase the intra-alveolar pressure.
4. Air is forced out of the lungs.

Question 23

A breathing disorder of premature newborns in which the alveoli do not remain open due to a lack of surfactant.

Answer 23

Respiratory Disease Syndrome

Question 24

The amount of effort required to stretch the lungs and chest wall.

Answer 24

Lung compliance

Question 25

Decreased lung compliance occurs due to

Answer 25

1. scar lung tissue (tuberculosis) 2. lung tissue is filled with fluid (pulmonary edema) 3. surfactant deficiency 4. lung expansion is hindered (paralysis of intercostal muscles)

Question 26

Abnormal increase in lung compliance occurs due to

Answer 26

Emphysema, where elastic tissues are destroyed.

Question 27

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.

Answer 27

Dalton's Law

Question 27

Large-diameter airways have _________ resistance than narrow airways.

Answer 27

Less

Question 27

Resistance during exhalation is _________ than resistance during inhalation,

Answer 27

Greater

Question 28

A gas law which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional.

Answer 28

Boyle's Law

Question 29

Step in respiration where O2 from the alveoli of the lungs diffuses to blood in pulmonary capillaries, and CO2 moves in the opposite direction.

Answer 29

External respiration/ Pulmonary gas exchange

Question 29

The gas law which states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure and solubility coefficient of the gas.

Answer 29

Henry's Law

Question 30

The exchange of CO2 and O2 between systemic capillaries,

Answer 30

Internal respiration

Question 31

The tightness of binding of O2 to hemoglobin.

Answer 31

Affinity

Question 32

When PO2 is higher, the affinity of O2 to Hb is _________ .

Answer 32

higher

Question 33

In tissue capillaries, PO2 is _________. Thus, Hb does not hold that much O2, causing it to be _________ into tissue cells.

Answer 33

Low, Unloaded

Question 34

As pH _________ , the affinity of Hb for O2 _________ .

Answer 34

decreases, decreases

Question 35

Since CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin, as PCO2 increases, hemoglobin's affinity to O2 _________ .

Answer 35

Decreases

Question 36

As temperature decreases, the binding of O2 to Hb _________ .

Answer 36

Increases

Question 37

BPG, as substance in RBC, causes a _________ in affinity of Hb and O2.

Answer 37

Decrease

Question 38

Fetal-Hb has _________ affinity due to _________ _________ than Adult-Hb.

Answer 38

Lower, weaker BPG

Question 39

CO2 is transported in the blood in three main ways, namely

Answer 39

1. Dissolved in plasma 2. Combining with carbamino compounds 3. Transported as bicarbonate ions

Question 40

The two principal areas of respiratory center

Answer 40

1. Medullary respiratory center 2. Pontine respiratory group

Question 41

The dorsal respiratory group of neurons is responsible for _________, while the ventral respiratory group is responsible for _________.

Answer 41

basic rhythm of respiration, stimulation of muscles in forced breathing

Question 42

Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in _________ concentration, PCO2, or both.

Answer 42

H+

Question 43

An allergic reaction to foreign antigens in airways, which causes bronchoconstriction.

Answer 43

Bronchial asthma

Question 44

A progressive, degenerative disease which causes clusters of small air sacs to merge intro larger chambers.

Answer 44

Emphysema

Question 45

Intrapulmonary pressure is _________ _________ intrapleural pressure.

Answer 45

greater than

Question 46

If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally, the oxygen content of arterial blood would be _________ .

Answer 46

normal

Question 47

A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin would cause a _________ in arterial percent oxyhemoglobin saturation.

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

H+ in the CSF derived from blood CO2 directly stimulates the _________ of the _________ .

Answer 48

chemoreceptors, medulla

Question 49

The activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons in _________ _________ produces rhythmic control of breathing.

Answer 49

medulla oblongata

Question 50

Erythropoietin is produced by _________

Answer 50

kidneys

Question 51

PCO2 is _________ in systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.

Answer 51

higher

Question 52

During hypoxemia, ventilation _________ , 2.3-DPG _________ , and the production of erythropoietin _________ .

Answer 52

increases, increases, increases