Respiratory Oxygenation

Question 1

Oxygenation

Answer 1

The process of supplying oxygen to body cells to support metabolic processes. Involves transport of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide

Question 2

Structure of respiratory systems

Answer 2

• Respiratory system : Exchayof the gases (o2 and CO2) between the atmosphere and blood.
• External respirations
• Internal respirations

Question 3

Process of Oxygenation

Answer 3

Ventilation: Process of moving gases into and out of the lungs. Involves use of respiratory muscles, pleura space
- Works of Breathing
Lung compliance: Ability of lungs to expand in response to intra-Abeokuta pressure and surfactant
- Airway resistance: pressure difference between the mouth and alveoli
- Accessory Muscles

Question 4

Perfusion

Answer 4

• Pulmonary circulation moves blood to and from alveolar-capillary membrane so that gas can exchange can occur
• Filters small i before they reach vital organs

Question 5

Distribution

Answer 5

• Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
• Oxygen transept: O2 is transported by hemoglobin, carries O2 and CO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

Question 6

Gas exchange Rwspiration

Answer 6

• Refers to the intake of the oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
• Made possible by respiration and perfusion
• Occurs via diffusion

Question 7

Breathing

Answer 7

• changing pressures- gases move into and out of lung. Diaphragm goes down and flatten with I spit and goes up on expiration.
• Average adults breathes 12-20/min.
• Brain (medulla and pons) provides stimulus for respiration.
• Normal stimulus for breathing is increased CO2 in the blood

Question 8

Factors Affecting Oxygenation

Answer 8

Physiological Factors
-Cardiac and respiratory 
-Anemia
-Fever 
—hypovolemia (circulating blood volume)
-Conditions affecting chest wall expansion

Question 9

Developmental Factors

Answer 9

• Infant and Toddlers: Increased risk for URI due to exposure to other children, 2nd hand smoke, foreign body aspiration
• Older adults : Risk for URI, systolic B/P, decreased chest wall compliance, decreased cough reflex, decreased tidal volume

Question 10

Factors Affecting Oxygenation

Answer 10

-Behavioral Factors : Nutrition, exercise, smoking, substance abuse
Environmental Factors: Smog, asbestos, pollutants, bacteria etc
Anxiety : Continuous severe anxiety cause increased metabolic rate and O2 demand, increased rate and depth of reparations

Question 11

Alterations in Respiratory Function

Answer 11

• Hyperventilation : Ventilation in excess of that normally required to eliminate CO2
• Hypoventilation : Inadquate alveolar ventilation to meet O2 demand or to eliminate CO2
• Excess CO2 retention can result in respiratory arrest
• Only low levels of O2 given to patients with COPD
• Hypoxia : Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level. Results from deficiency in O2 delivery or utilization

Question 12

Alteration in Respiratory Patterns

Answer 12

• Trachpnea: Rapid , shallow breathing. Rate >24/min
• Bradypnea: Slow breathing. Rate<10, regular
• Chronic Obstructive Breathing : Normal inspiration, prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway pressure

Question 13

Adventitious Breath Sounds

Answer 13

• Crackles : high pitched popping sound. Heard during inspiration do not clear with coughing
• Crackles( coarse): Loud, low pitched, bubbling, gurgling
• Wheeze: Musical high pitched sound
• Rhonchi : low pitched wheeze; snoring sound may clear with doughy
• Stridor: high pitched crowing sound

Question 14

Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 14

• Passage way for air to enter the body
• Structures: Nose, paransal sinuses, sinuses, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
• Functions: Warm, humidifies, filters inspired air; sensory organs for taste and smell; sinuses provide resonance to voice; larynx producers voice

Question 15

Lower Respiratory Tract

Answer 15

• supplies air to the lungs
• Trachea, bronchial tree, bronchi, acini do
• Trachea : 4-5 inches long and 1 inch diameter

Question 16

Lower Respiratory Tract

Answer 16

Bronchi: transports oxygen between the environment and lunge
-Acinus (Functional Respiratory Unit): consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli ducts and the alveoli (internal respirations)

Question 17

Lungs

Answer 17

Lungs: bring air and blood together for exchange of O2 and CO2 . Maintain homeostasis of arterial blood

• Two lungs connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi
• Right lung is thicker and broader than left; contains 3 lobes
• Left Lung has 2 loves and an indentation for the heart

Question 18

Anatomy and physiology/ landmarks

Answer 18

• Lobes of the lung
• Right lung : 3 lobes, shorter than left lung
• Anteriorly : Upper and lower lobes are divided by a fissure that crosses the 5th rib midaxillary line and terminates at the 6th rib
• The middle lobe is separated by a fissure extending from 5th rib midaxillary line to 4th rib at eternal border
• Left Lung: 2 lobes

Question 19

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 19

Pleural Cavity : Vaccum and lubricant which hold lungs close to the chest wall.

Pleurae: Thin, slippery layer between lungs and Chest wall, also lines the diaphragm, allows smooth gliding movement of lung

Question 20

Assessment Subjective Data

Answer 20

• Cough characteristics
• shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Health History; respiratory infection, PPD
• Medication
• Self care measures

Question 21

Assessment objective data

Answer 21

Inspection
- Respiratory rate, depth, pattern
. General inspection of skin, posture, shape and configuration of thoracic cage
-Note symmetry, color, respiratory pattern