Respiratory Part 2

Question 1

3.5 Steps to Respiration

Answer 1

1 Pulmonary Ventilation
2. External Respiration
2.5 Gas transport to blood
3. Internal Respiration

Question 2

Exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli

Answer 2

Ventilation

Question 3

Air moves INTO the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is LESS THAN that of the atmosphere (Patm)

Answer 3

Inspiration

Question 4

Air moves OUT OF the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is GREATER THAN that of the atmosphere (Patm)

Answer 4

Expiration

Question 5

Explain bulk flow of air and give equation

Answer 5

air moves from a region of high concentration to low concentration

F=change in pressure/R

Question 6

what is the most important factor determining airway resistance

Answer 6

diameter of the tube

Question 7

Disorders that increase resistance

Answer 7

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma
diseases of airway obstruction and collapse

Question 8

 The volume of air in the conducting airways
~150 mL

Answer 8

Anatomic Dead Space

Question 9

The volume of air in the lungs that does NOT participate in gas exchange (A functional measurement)
~equal to anatomic dead space in “normal” lungs

Answer 9

Physiologic Dead Space

Question 10

number of breaths taken per minute

Answer 10

Respiratory Rate

Question 11

Total amount of air entering or leaving the lungs per minute

Answer 11

minute ventilation

Question 12

minute ventilation is equal to tidal volume x what

Answer 12

respiratory rate

Question 13

The total volume of air entering the alveoli per minute

Answer 13

Alveolar Ventilation

Question 14

Anatomic dead space is determined by which of the following?

Answer 14

The size and number of the airways

Question 15

The minute ventilation of an individual with a tidal volume of 500 mL and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute is which of the following?

Answer 15

6 L/min

Question 16

Which of the following pulmonary function test results describes an individual with moderate asthma?

Answer 16

Increase residual volume, decreased FEV1, decreased FEV1/FVC

Question 17

The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed is known as the

Answer 17

RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT(RQ).

Question 18

RQ is based on

Answer 18

It is based on our diet (mixture of carbs/fats/proteins)

Question 19

what is the normal value of RQ

Answer 19

it is approximately 0.8

Question 20

The __________ PO2 and PCO2 determines our systemic arterial PO2 and PCO2

Answer 20

alveolar

Question 21

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases
were present

Answer 21

Dalton’s Law

“In other words…A gas will move from an area where its partial pressure his higher to where its partial pressure is low. The greater the partial pressure difference between the two areas the more rapid is the movement of gas.”

Question 22

The concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and
partial pressure of that gas (at constant temperature).

Answer 22

Henry’s Law

“In other words…The amount of oxygen that dissolves into the bloodstream is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air.”

Question 23

What two places does gas exchange occur?

Answer 23

lungs
tissues

Question 24

What is picked up and dropped off in the lungs?

Answer 24

oxygen picked up
co2 released

Question 25

What is picked up and dropped off in the tissues

Answer 25

CO2 picked up O2 dropped off

Question 26

4 layers of Respiratory Membrane

Answer 26

1. Alveolar wall (with type I & II cells) 2. Epithelial basement membrane 3. Capillary basement membrane (usually fused with epithelial BM) 4. Endothelial cells of the capillary wall

Question 27

the exchange of gases between blood, lungs, and external environment... occurs across the blood air barrier between alveolar air and alveolar capillaries

Answer 27

external respiration

Question 28

(breathing) is simply air movement in/out of lungs.... maintains alveolar ventilation

Answer 28

Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 29

Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has lower PO2 and higher PCO2 than in alveolar air. In external respiration what occurs?

Answer 29

Increase pO2 (O2 enters blood) Decrease pCO2 (CO2 leaves blood

Question 30

What occurs during internal respiration

Answer 30

O2 dropped off at tissues CO2 picked up

Question 31

movement of O2 in the body

Answer 31

Moves from alveoli into blood. Blood is almost completely saturated with oxygen when it leaves the capillary  pO2 in blood decreases because of mixing with deoxygenated blood  Oxygen moves from tissue capillaries into the tissues

Question 32

Movement of Carbon Dioxide in the body

Answer 32

Moves from tissues into tissue capillaries Moves from pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli

Question 33

Rate of gas diffusion and blood flow slow enough that complete equilibrium is reached before the blood reaches the end of the capillaries in healthy people or unhealthy people

Answer 33

Healthy people

Question 34

What % thickness of aortic wall is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 34

30%

Question 35

Small pulm arterial walls contain a lot or little smooth muscle compared to systemic arteries

Answer 35

little

Question 36

what are the exceptions to the following statement? Pulmonary vasculature accommodates a blood flow that is almost equal to that of all other organ systems in the body.

Answer 36

Bronchial blood flow Coronary artery flow

Question 37

what is created by these two exceptions

Answer 37

Small PHYSIOLOGIC SHUNT due to Blood in systemic arteries has PO2 2 mmHg less than blood equilibrated with alveolar air.

Question 38

the resistance that must be overcome in order to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow.

Answer 38

VASCULAR RESISTANCE

Question 39

The resistance to blood flow offered by all of the systemic vasculature, excluding the pulmonary vasculature is known as

Answer 39

SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE (SVR).

Question 40

What does SVR represent

Answer 40

Reflects changes in the arterioles, which can affect emptying of the left ventricle

Question 41

Two patterns observed as the body attempts to maintain homeostasis:

Answer 41

Constriction of blood vessels SVR INCREASES  Diminished ventricular compliance  Reduced stroke volume  Reduced cardiac output (CO) Dilation of blood vessels  SVR DECREASES  reduces force needed for LV to open AV

Question 42

Conditions that INCREASE SVR include:

Answer 42

hypothermia hypovolemia

Question 43

Conditions that DECREASE SVR include:

Answer 43

anemia cirrhosis

Question 44

PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE (PVR) ______________ with increased arterial pressure and increased cardiac output (CO)

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

Decrease in PPVR is due to which 2 control mechanisms

Answer 45

Capillary recruitment  perfusion of increased number of vessels Capillary distension  higher volume of blood flow within vessel

Question 46

Conditions that decrease PVR are

Answer 46

hypocapnia strenuous exercise

Question 47

is opening up of previously closed blood vessels resulting in more perfusion and less resistance

Answer 47

Capillary recruitment

Question 48

increase in caliber of vessels (they dilate) resulting in increased BF and drop in resistance

Answer 48

Capillary distension:

Question 49

in Rsided Heart Failure , If the pressure in the pulmonary vasculature is high due to INCREASED resistance, the right ventricle must work harder to move the blood forward past the pulmonic valve... What can this cause

Answer 49

May cause dilation of the right ventricle over time and require additional volume to meet the preload needs of the left ventricle.

Question 50

What conditions cause increase PVR

Answer 50

Atelectasis Hypercapnia