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Y3 Respiratory Pathology > Respiratory pathology 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory pathology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of airway defence mechanisms?

A
  • filters particles from inhaled air
  • prevents particles contacting and damaging epithelial surfaces
  • removes particles, inert matter and infectious agents
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2
Q

Which 6 factors/processes are involved in airway defence?

A
  • Aerodynamic filtration
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Antibacterial agents
  • IgA
  • Protective reflexes
  • Leucocytes
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3
Q

Describe aerodynamic filtration

A
  • Coiled turbinates leads to turbulence causing particles >10um to impact onto airway mucosa
  • Bronchi filter out particles of more than 3um
  • Particles ~1-5 um are deposited in the bronchioles + alveoli
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4
Q

Describe the components of the mucociliary escalator

A
  • Upper airways are lined by mucous and cilia
  • Layer of mucus, produced by goblet cells, then a thinner layer of aqueous solution which surrounds the cillia, allowing them to beat
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5
Q

What are the functions of mucous?

A
  • Traps and transports particles from the airway to the pharynx
  • Prevents dehydration
  • Dilutes soluble gases
  • Contains antibacterials
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6
Q

Which factors affect the mucociliary carpet function?

A
  • Changes in the viscosity of the mucus: temperature, dehydration, inflammation
  • Injury to the epithelium: trauma, infection. chronic irritation
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7
Q

Name the two antibacterial agents involved in airway defence

A

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

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8
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Bacteriolytic protein that hydrolyses peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Iron binding protein synthesised by neutrophils and epithelial cells which stops bacterial and fungal growth

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10
Q

Name the main immunoglobulin found in airways, what is its function?

A

IgA

Precipitates antigens causing them to be phagocytosed by leucocytes

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of protective reflexes

A

Cough

Sneeze

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12
Q

Describe the role of macrophages in airway defence

A
  • Alveolar, Interstitial, Intravascular
  • Phagocytose particles + agents.
  • Recruit neutrophils
  • Coordinate inflm
  • Ascend mucociliary escalator
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13
Q

Clinical case: 12 week old kitten with a upper respiratory tract viral infection
What effect might the viral infection have on the respiratory defence mechanisms?

A

Viral damage can cause damage to the mucociliary escalator

Leads to a secondary bacterial infection

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14
Q

A secondary bacterial infection can be seen grossly by?

A

Pus

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15
Q

Viral infection of respiratory epithelial cells leads to …?

A

Impaired function
Cell death
Inflammation

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16
Q

Give 3 developmental abnormalities of the upper airways

A
  • Cleft palate
  • Guttural pouch tympany
  • Brachycephalic airway syndrome
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17
Q

How is a cleft palate caused?

A

Failure of the palatine shelves to close

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18
Q

Describe guttural pouch tympany

A
  • Nasopharyngeal opening defect => air in guttural pouch.

- Pressure => dyspnoea, dysphagia + aspiration pneumonia

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19
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome is a combination of which 3 anatomical problems?

A
  • Stenotic nares
  • Everted laryngeal saccules
  • Elongated soft palate
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20
Q

What is epistaxis?

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A

Bleeding from the nose

21
Q

What are some causes of epistaxis?

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A
  • Inflammation
  • Infection, trauma
  • Neoplasia
  • Clotting defects
22
Q

What are the 5 typical signs of inflammation?

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A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
23
Q

How does the type of exudate change as inflammation progresses?

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A

Serous => catarrhal => purulent

- can also become fibrinous after catarrhal

24
Q

What are the signs of acute inflammation?

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A

Vasodynamic changes – redness, swelling, exudate

Increased secretions – serous, mucus

25
``` Describe the following types of exudate: Serous Catarrhal Fibrinous Purulent ```
1. Clear watery discharge 2. Viscoid, mucoid 3. Thick, fibrinous, haemorrhagic 4. Thick, white, green, brown
26
Which type of exudate contains some inflammatory cells but in low levels?
Catarrhal
27
Which type of exudate contains high numbers of inflammatory cells?
Purulent
28
Which pathological changes are associated with chronic inflammation?
- Mucosal hyperplasia - Epithelial metaplasia - Increased numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells - Fibroblasts
29
How does the shape of epithelial cells change in metaplasia secondary to chronic inflammation?
Ciliated columnar => stratified squamous
30
Polyps secondary to chronic inflammation occur most commonly in which species?
Horses and cats
31
Where is the respiratory tract to polyps arise in cats?
Auditory tube or tympanic bulla
32
What are polyps?
Lumps of fibrous material and blood vessels, coated in epithelium that get in the way of airway flow
33
What are some causes of upper airway inflammation?
- Irritants/allergens - Foreign bodies - Parasites - Infectious agents
34
An infectious disease is the combination of which 3 factors?
Aetiological agents Susceptible host Favourable environment
35
Give examples of viral agents associated with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
- Bovine herpes virus 1 - Equine herpes virus 1 and 4 - Equine influenza virus - Feline calicivirus - Canine distemper virus - Canine adenovirus
36
Bovine herpes virus cases what respiratory condition?
Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis
37
What can exacerbate Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
Overcrowding, stress
38
How does Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis affect the respiratory system, describe the different stages of infection/damage?
- Damage to mucociliary escalator - Impaired mucosal defences - Secondary bacterial infection - Influx of neutrophils, purulent discharge - neutralising antibodies and cell mediated immunity response - resolution of viral and bacterial infection
39
What is the trigger for an inflammatory response in an infectious bovine tracheitis infection?
Infection of nasal and conjunctival epithelial cells where viral replication takes place
40
What are the signs of infectious bovine tracheitis infection?
- Serous or catarrhal exudate from nose which worsens to purulent discharge - Conjunctival and nasal hyperaemia
41
Give two examples of bacterial agents associated with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
Streptococcus equi in horses | Pasteurella multocidi in pigs
42
Which disease is caused by Streptococcus equi?
Strangles
43
Which exudate is typical of S.equi?
Initial serous nasal discharge becomes purulent
44
Describe how a S.equi infection causes damage?
- colonises nasopharyngeal mucosa - lymphatic spread to lymph nodes - abscesses within parotid lymph node can rupture - guttural pouch emphysema
45
Why do abscesses rupture into the guttural pouch in horses?
It is the direction of least resistance
46
Which fungal agent is associated with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract?
Aspergillus fumigatis
47
Describe an Aspergillus fumigatis infection
- Dogs, horses and birds - Fibronecrotic/granulomatous inflammation - Bone lysis - Guttural pouch mycosis
48
Describe guttural pouch mycosis and its associated complications
- Infection causes severe inflammation and necrosis - Causes damage to cranial nerves which can lead to facial paralysis - Erosion of blood vessels which can cause fatal haemorrhage
49
Name the neoplasia associated with the following tissues: - Lining epithelium - Glands - Bone - Connective tissue
- Squamous cell carcinoma - Adenocarcinoma - Osteosarcoma - Fibrosarcoma

Y3 Respiratory Pathology (5 decks)

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