Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
What is the structure of the pulmonary system?
A
- Conducting
- Nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- Transitional
- Bronchioles
- Gas Exchange
- Alveolar ducts & alveoli
2
Q
What are the defenses of the pulmonary system?
A
- Nasal cavity
- Mucus
- Antibody & innate defenses
- Alveolar macrophages
3
Q
What can cause luminal exudate in lungs?
A
- Inhalation of toxic chemical or gas
- Inhalation of infectious bacteria or viruses
- Lead to inflammatory response at the sight of injury?
4
Q
What are the signs of intraluminal exudate/mucus?
A
- coughing
- gagging
- dyspnea
- decreased exercise tolerance
5
Q
What is Choanal Atresia?
A
- Imperforate Choana
- Persistent buccopharyngeal septum
- Congenital
- Cannot breathe while eating/drinking
- will result in aspiration pneumonia
- epiglottis fails and liquid enters lungs
6
Q
What is palatoschisis?
A
- Cleft palate
- normally soft palate, but can also be hard palate
- Congenital defect
- leads to aspiration pneumonia
- liquid enters the nasopharynx and then the lungs
- usually dies
- leads to aspiration pneumonia
7
Q
What are the different types of discharges and inflammatory processes of the pulmonary system?
A
- Hemorrhage
- Serous
- Mucoid
- Suppurative
- Fibrinous
- Diphtheritic
- Pseudodiphtheritic
- Granulomatous
- +/- Lymphoplasmacytic
8
Q
What does suppurative rhinitis and sinusitis look like?
A
- Neutrophilic
- normally caused by bacteria
- Cats : pasturella multocida
- Dogs: bordatella bronchispetica
9
Q
What is Strangles?
A
- Horses
- Caused by Streptococcus equi equi
- or streptococcus zooepidemicus
- Has suppurative rhinitis, nasal cavity inflammation, and suppurative lymphadenitis
10
Q
What is the picture of?
A
Fibrinosuppurative rhinitis
11
Q
What is Diphtheritic rhinitis?
A
- “Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis”
- Fibrinous exudate difficult to remove, leaves ulcerated mucosa behind
*
12
Q
What is Pseudodiphtheritic rhinitis?
A
- Fibrinous exudate thaat can be removed leacing an intact underlying mucosa
13
Q
What occurs with chronic granulomatous rhinitis?
A
- Granulomatous infiltrate with bone inflammation (Osteomyelitis) and boney remodeling
14
Q
What is Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis?
A
- Most common form of rhinitis in dogs
- Rarely is cause established - (idiopathic)
- Persistent to intermittent nasal discharge
- May be progressive
15
Q
What is Eosinophilic rhinitis?
A
- Consistent for allergic rhinitis
- Type I Hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
- “Atopic Rhinitis”
16
Q
What is Atrophic rhinitis?
A
- Lysis of bone and cartilage
- Muucosal atrophy
- Loss of nasal turbinates
- Causes:
- Bordatella bronchiseptica
- Pasteurella multocida
17
Q
What causes mycotic rhinitis in felines?
A
-
Cryptococcus neoformans
- Soap bubble appearance
- Begins as small nasal lesion
- gradually enlarges
- Can spread locally or into the brain
18
Q
What causes mycotic rhinitis in canines?
A
- Aspergillus fumigatus
- Histoplasma spp.
- Rhinosporidium seeberi
- Chronic, persistent nasal discharge
- Myriad fungal hyphae are present throughout
19
Q
What is an ethmoid hematoma?
A
- Occurs in horses
- Ethmoid turbinate is origin of repeat hemorrhage, fibrin, fibrosis, hemosiderin deposition leading to masses
- Pathogenesis: undetermined
20
Q
What is an Aural inflammatory polyp?
A
- Within the nasopharynx, erupting through the auditory tube, is a fleshy multilobulated mass covered by mucosa
- Arise in the middle ear associated with otitis media
21
Q
What is an Enzootic nasal tumor of Sheep and Goats?
A
- Viral induced neoplasms
- Presumed to be epithelial tumors induced by Retroviruses
22
Q
What is an Enzootic nasal tumor of Sheep and Goats?
A
- Viral induced neoplasms
- Presumed to be epithelial tumors induced by Retroviruses
23
Q
What is Nasal Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma?
A
- Most COMMON epithelial neoplasm of the nasal cavity in dogs
24
Q
What is a Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
A
- Most COMMON epithelial nasal neoplasm in horses and cats
25
What is Chondrosarcoma?
* Most COMMON mesenchymal neoplasm or sarcoma diagnosed in the nasal cavity of dogs
26
What is Nasal Lymphosarcoma/lymphoma?
* Most COMMON mesenchymal neoplasm diagnosed in the nasal cavity of cats
27
What is lymphoid hyperplasia?
* Commonly observed in neonatal and young horses
* Indicates local lymphoid tissue response to antigens
* Usually clinically silent unless obstructive
28
What is epiglottic entrapment?
* Epiglottis entrapped below the aryepiglottic folds
* epiglottis usually hypoplastic
29
What is Guttural Pouch Empyema?
* Guttural Pouch is filled with exudate
* often related to previous or concurrent bacterial infection
* *Streptococcus spp*
* Exudate can become inspissated and form concretions commonly referred to as chondroids
30
What are the 4 features of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome?
1. Nares - stenotic
2. Soft Palate - elongated
3. Trachea - Hypoplastic
4. Laryngeal saccules everted
31
What is Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis?
* Condition: Roarers
* Causes: injury or paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
* leads of cricoarytenoideus muscle atrophy
* Possibly:
* Traumatic injury
* Severe bronchopneumonia
* Idiopathic neuritis
32
What is Necrotic Laryngitis?
* “Calf Diphtheria”
* Larynx has subacute lesion with necrosis
* Causes:
* *Fusobacterium necrophorum*
* Malignant Catarrhal Fever
* Infectious Rhinotracheitis
33
What lesion is Pathognomonic for Fetal Equine Herpes Virus?
* Diffuse, wet heavy lung with prominent interlobular edema mixed with fibrin and a rubbery texture
* **Fibrin clot at the tracheal bifurcation**
34
What does Infectious laryngotracheitis look like?
* Affects chickens
* Caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1
35
What does Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) look like?
* Caused by Bovine herpesvirus 1
36
What is Bovine Honkers?
* Luminal compression of the trachea
* Pathogenesis poorly understood
37
What is Laryngeal Rhabdomyoma?
* Neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle
* Rarely diagnosed in dogs
38
What does laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma look like?
* looks like necrosis need histology for DX
39
What is the pathogenesis of Visceral to parietal fibrinous adhesions?
1. Bacterial entry into the pleural space
2. Inflammation (Fibrin exudation, neutrophilic infiltration)
3. Fibrinous adhesion between the visceral and parietal pleura
40
What is the pathogeneis of visceral to parietal fibrous adhesions?
1. Previous bacterial fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and +/- pneumonia
2. resolution and wound healing
3. Chronic fibrous (collagenous adhesions
