Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Systemic Pathology 2018 > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which airways have cartilage and glands in their walls?

A

Bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the functions of cartilage and thick connective tissue in bronchi?

A

Cartilage maintains patency/prevents collapse

Thich connective tissue prevents infection spread into surrounding alveolar parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the consequences of chronic inflammation in the bronchi?

A

Dilation, increased resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are capable of epithelial regenerative capacity in the bronchi?

A

Mucous, basal and other non-ciliated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which airways have no cartilage or glands in their walls?

A

Bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is airway patency maintained in bronchioles?

A

Tethering support if interlaveolar septa on bronchiolar wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the consequence of having thin connective tissue in the walls of the bronchioles?

A

Allows infection to spread to surrounding alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the consequence of chronic inflammation of the bronchioles?

A

Stenosis of lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells are capable of epithelail regenerative capacity in the bronchioles?

A

Mucous cells and non-ciliated (Clara) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of Clara cells in the bronchioles?

A

Secretory - mucociliary clearance and protection

Rich in cytochrome monooxyegenase enzymes (CYP450) - metabolizes endogenous/xenobiotics, resulting in toxin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Although resistance of individual small bronchioles is ___,

bronchioles under normal conditions is ___.

Why?

A

High; low

Total of all bronchiolar cross-sectional areas is much greater than that of the bronchial airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a primary lobule? What is another name for it?

A

Pulmonary tissue supplies by a terminal bronchiole

“Acinus”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a secondary lobule?

A

Composed of many primary lobules; constitute grossly visible lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the components of the interalveolar septa?

What is their function?

A

Epithelial cells (type 1 and 2), capillary endothelium, fibroblasts, macrophages

Function: allows the development of large SA for interface and gas exchange between ventilated gases and perfusing blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe some characteristics of type 1 epithelial cells in the interalveolar septa, including function.

Regenerative capacity?

A

Squamous

Cover large surface area, barrier - susceptible to damage

Terminally differentiated, metabolically inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe some characteristics of type 2 epithelial cells in the interalveolar septa, including functions.

Regenerative capacity?

A

Cuboidal

Produce surfactant/other mediators and are stem cells for repair

Metabolically active, contain CYP450 activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the functon of the capillary endothelium in the interalveolar septa?

A

Metabolically active cells responsible for metabolizing prostaglandings, angiotensin, histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define bronchitis and bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the causes of bronchitis and bronchiolitis?

A

Infectious: viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic

Toxic: plant toxins

Hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Functional consequences of bronchitis and bronchiolitis

A

Increased airway resistance - obstruction, V/Q abnormalities (hypoxemia)

Decrease mucociliary clearance - secondary bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are bronchitis and bronchiolitis reversible?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bronchitis and bronchiolitis sequelae

A
  1. Resolution and epithelial repair
  2. Extension to alveoli = pneumonia
  3. Chronic localized inflammation

Bronchiectasis = bronchi

Bronchiolitis obliterans = bronchioles

  1. Post-obstructive atelectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition of bronchiectasis

A

Dilation of the bronchi beyond normal physiological limits due to destruction of the bronchial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bronchiectasis pathogenesis

A

Chronic infection - usually bacterial

Neutrophil-mediated destruction of glands and cartilage, fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bronchiectasis morphology (grossly)
Dilated airway (saccular or cylindrical) Thick wall Luminal exudate (grey, green, or tan; thick, mucoid, or caseous)
26
Functional significance of bronchiectasis
Increased airway resistance d/t turbulence and luminal obstruction Poor mucuciliary clearance Aspiration of infective material into alveoli
27
Bronchiectasis sequelae
Progression of inflammation - **continued damage, pneumonia** (even with abx)
28
Is bronchiectasis reversible?
No
29
Definition of bronchiolitis obliterans. Clinical relevance?
Obstruction of the bronchiolar lumen by fibrous connective tissue (no cartilage, tend to collapse and fill) Usually clinically silent unless widespread
30
Definition of atelectasis
Collapse of the lung
31
Classification of atelectasis
1. Neonatal - inadequate surfactant 2. Acquired - compressive or obstructive
32
Cause of compressive atelectasis
Fluid, air, mass compresses lung or results in loss of negative pleural pressure
33
Cause of obstructive atelectasis
Obstructed large airways caused by inflammatory exudate, FB, hemorrhage, intramural masses leads to hypoventilation, pulls all N out of the air, lobules collapse
34
What is the pathological significance of atelectasis?
Segment of lung is under-ventilated, if wide spread will cause hypoxemia
35
Atelectasis sequelae
1. Reinflation 2. Alveolar edema 3. Secondary bacterial pneumonia 4. Fibrosis and irreverisble collapse
36
Is atelectasis reversible?
Yes, if reinflated
37
Definition and classification of pulmonary emphysema
Enlarged gas-filled space in the lung Can be alveolar or interstitial
38
Definition of alveolar emphysema
Abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls
39
Is alveolar emphysema reversible?
No
40
What is the pathological significance of alveolar emphysema?
1. Decreased alveolar and capillary SA 2. Loss of radial support of airways = early closure 3. Decreased elastic properties, increased compliance and residual lung capacity 4. Loss of capillary area = pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (secondary HF)
41
Definiton of interstitial emphysema
Excess gas in the pulmonary interstitium, occurs in species with extensive interlobular septa (bovine)
42
Interstitial emphysema pathogenesis
Forced expiration against obstructed airways Gas dissects into interstitial tissue - interlobular septa, perivascular areas, subpleural tissues
43
Pathological significance of interstitial emphysema
Compression of lobules decreases ventilation = **restrictive lung disease**
44
Interstitial emphysema sequelae
1. Resolution 2. Progression = mediastinum and subcutis 3. Secondary infection of pockets 4. Fibrosis and parenchymal loss
45
Main causes of pulmonary edema
**Increased hydrostatic P** – L sided HF **Increased permeability** – toxins, infectious agents
46
Definition of pneumonia
Inflammation of the pulmonary gas exchange parenchyma
47
Causes of pneumonia
Infectious - viral bacterial, fungal, parasitic Toxic Immunologic Mixed - foreign material, HCl and bacteria in aspiration pneumonia
48
Classification of pneumonia - simple morphologic and modifiers
_Simple_: Bronchopneumonia Interstitial Focal or multifocal Mixed pattern _Modifiers_: Duration - acute, subacute, chronic Distribution - focal, multifocal, locally-extensive, diffuse Exudate - necrotizing, fibrinopurulent, granulomatous
49
Causes of bronchopneumonia
Bacteria, aspiration
50
Pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia
Deposition of causative agent in terminal bronchioles and alveoli - bacteria, foreign material Early damage in proximal acinar areas with spread into surrounding alveolar parenchyma
51
Gross morphology of bronchopneumonia
Distribution: cranioventral May be intercurrent fibrinous pleuritis May spread to lobular distrubution
52
Two indicators of chronicity in regards to bronchopneumonia
Fibrosis Lympadenomegaly
53
Microscopic morphology of bronchopneumonia
Abundant exudate in alveoli - neutrophils, fibrin, necrotic debris Lesions initially airway oriented
54
Pathological significance of bronchopneumonia
**Obstructive and restrictive changes** - airway obstruction, infiltrates make lung stiffer, exudate and wall thickening decrease diffusion capacity Pleuritis may contribute to restrictive disease
55
Is bronchopneumonia reversible?
Yes
56
Bronchopneumonia sequelae
1. Resolution 2. Death 3. Septicemia 4. Chronicity with bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiectasis +/- pleural adhesions
57
Pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonia
Primary injury to elements of the interalveolar septum - epithliem, endothelium
58
Causes of interstitial pneumonia
Infectious - viral, protozoa, some fungi, rarely bacteria Toxic Hypersensitivity
59
Gross morphology of interstitial pneumonia
Distrubtion: often diffuse or locally extensive Firm, large red with muscle or liver consistency on cut surface
60
Microscopic morphology of interstitial pneumonia. What are some markers of subacute and chronic stages?
Early type 1 epithelial necrosis Subacute = type 2 epithelial hyperplasia, alveolar septal thickening, mononuclear cells Chronic = fibrosis
61
Pathological significance of interstitial pneumonia
Thickening and infiltration of alveolar walls marked by increased stiffness and decreased compliance = **restrictive** decreased diffusion capacity = **hypoxemia**
62
Interstitial pneumonia sequelae
1. Resolution = rare 2. Death 3. Fibrosis of interalveolar septa and progressive restrictive lung disease
63
Focal or multifocal pneumonia causes
_Fungal_: **Blastomyces** - multifocal to locally extensive granulomatous or pyogran **Histoplasma** - granulomatous **Coccidioides** - granulomatous and pyogran **Pneumocystitis** - interstitial, not granulomatous Cryptococcus - rare unless immunosuppressed
64
Pathogenesis of acute viral pneumonia
Viruses replicate in respiratory airway and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells Induce inflammatory and immune response Inflammation in parenchyma focused on interalveolar septa Viral replication is halted before diffuse interstitial pneumonia develops Ex: canine adenovirus 2
65
Morphologic features of acute viral pneumonia
Virus induced epithelial injury and replication - rhinitis, tracheitis/bronchitis, bronchiolitis, patchy interstitial pneumonia
66
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia morphology
Bronchiolitis + patchy interstitial pneumonia
67
Pathogenesis of chronic viral pneumonia
Often assoc with viruses that replicate in macrophages and/or depress/evade antiviral immunologic defense mechansisms Virus spreads throughout lung and induces diffuse interstitial pneumonia Ex: ovine progressive pneumonia, canine distemper virus
68
Causes of viral pneumonia in dogs
Canine distemper Canine influenza Canine adenovrius type 2 Parainfluenza type 2 Canine respiratory coronavirus Canine herpesvirus 1
69
Canine distemper respiratory lesions
Rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis Patchy to diffuse interstitial pneumonia or bronchopneumonia with secondary bacteria infection IN and **IC** inclusions in epithelial cells and macrophages; syncytial cells
70
Canine distemper dx at necropsy - what samples should be submitted?
Lung, brain, thymus, lymph node, spleen, stomach, urinary bladder Also, PCR respiratory panel
71
Canine influenza virus respiratory lesions
Lymphocytic or supparative rhinitis Erosive/hyperplastic tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis Tracheal/bronchial gland epithelial cell necrosis/hyperplasia with lymphs, neutrophils Patchy interstitial pneumonia (bronchopneumonia) Supparative bronchopneumonia with secondary bacterial to pneumonia
72
Name two emerging viral respiratory agents in dogs
Canine pneumovirus Canine bocavirus (parvoviridae)
73
CAV-2 replication and pneumonia type
Replication in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells Interstitial pneumonia usually around bronchioles
74
Canine distemper replication and pneumonia type
Replication in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages Interstitial pneumonia Common to have viral dissemination systemically
75
Parainfluenza replication and pneumonia type
Infects type 2 alv cells, alv macrophages, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium = depresses defense mechanisms Locally extensive interstitial pneumonia
76
Respiratory syncytial virus replication and pneumonia type
Replication in type 2 alv cells, macrophages, multinucleated syncytial cells Patchy interstitial pneumonia with diffuse bronchiolitis Often see terminal interstitial emphysema in dorsocaudal and other lung lobes
77
Chronic progressive pneumonia (Maedi-Visna) respiratory lesions
Chronic, persistent infection Interstitial pneumonia with marked interstitial accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages Usually see hyperplasia of type 2 epithelial cells, nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells, and metaplasia of smooth muscle in interalveolar septa May be 2ry bacterial bronchopneumonia Extrapulmonic lesions include encephalitis and arthritis
78
Pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia (pneumonic pasteurellosis due to Mannheimia haemolytica)
Colonization of resp tract, depression of defense mechanisms Exponential growth of M. haemolytica with leukotoxic production Damage to neutrophils, macrophages, release of endotoxin Leukotoxin and endotoxin mediated tissue damage accentuated by neutrophil release of toxic molecules
79
Respiratory lesions associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis
Severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis Cranioventral, neutrophil rich inflammation oriented around terminal bronchioles Most severe in cranioventral areas Abundant fibrinous and fibrinopurulent exudate in alveoli and in interlobular septa May be large areas of parenchymal necrosis surrounded by neutrophils
80
Pneumonic pasteurellosis sequelae
Death Chronic bronchopneumia with bronchiolitis obliterans, bronchiectasis, pleural fibrosis
81
Pathogenesis of bovine toxic interstitial pneumonia
Ingestion of pneumotoxin Ruminal conversion and/or intestinal absorption Activation of pneumotoxin by pulmonary CYP450 monooxygenase Covalent bidning or free-radical damage by metabolites or pulmonary cell death
82
Pneumotoxins in cattle
L-tryptophane/3-methylindole Moldy sweet potatoes (4-ipomeanol) Perilla mint (purple mint) Stinkwood (Ziera arborescens)
83
Pulmonary cells most susceptible to toxic injury
Non-ciliated bronchiolar cells Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells Capillary endothelial cells
84
What happens if bovines survive past 24 hours after onset of toxic interstitial pneumonia?
Hyperplasia of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells Repeat exposures may cause fibrosis
85
Pulmonary neoplasia is more common in what species?
Cats and dogs
86
Benign pulmonary epithelial tumors
Adenoma Papilloma
87
Malignant pulmonary epithelial tumors
Adenocarcinoma Carcinoma Adenosquamous carcinoma Bronchial gland carcinoma
88
Most common form of neoplasia in the lung
Metastatic neoplasia
89
Gross distribution of pulmonary neoplasia and biological behavior of carcinomas
Most common in caudal lung fields - any lobe can be affected Met local = thorax, lung, lymph node Distant met = LN, kidney, liver, spleen, bone, brain (nail bed in cats)
90

Systemic Pathology 2018 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions