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CPR 2 Pulm Section > Respiratory Pathology Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages, in order, of fetal lung development?

A

1) embryonic
2) pseudoglandular
3) canalicular
4) saccular
5) alveolar

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2
Q

What are the main requirements for proper lung development in utero?

A
  • space in the thoracic cavity

- ability to inhale (ex: chest wall must be able to move, and there must be enough amniotic fluid present to inhale)

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3
Q

What makes up most of the lung’s volume?

A

parenchyma

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4
Q

What is the role of Type 1 pneumocytes?

A

-facilitate gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the role of Type 2 pneumocytes?

A
  • produce surfactant

- pleuripotent replacement of Type 1 pneumocytes

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6
Q

What is the significance of the Pores of Kohn?

A
  • allow aeration between alveoli

- also allow bacteria, cells, and exudate to pass between alveoli

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7
Q

What are some situations in utero that can cause pulmonary hypoplasia?

A
  • diaphragmatic hernia
  • oligohydramnios d/t renal agenesis
  • tracheal stenosis
  • chest wall motion disorders
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8
Q

True or False: if lung weight is < 40% at birth, immediate death occurs in the neonatal period.

A

True, there’s not really anything you can do about this.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of foregut cysts?

A

-detached outpouchings (respiratory, esophageal, or gastroenteric)

  • often found incidentally
  • excision is curative

-complications include: rupture, infection, or airway compression

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10
Q

What is a Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation (CPAM)?

A
  • arrested development of pulmonary tissue w/ formation of intrapulmonary cystic masses
  • type depends on stage of arrest (ex: tracheobronchial, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar duct, distal acinar)
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of CPAM’s?

A
  • communicate w/ tracheobronchial tree
  • can be detected on fetal U/S
  • can be deadly d/t hydrops or pulmonary hypoplasia
  • can get infected later in life
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12
Q

How do you treat a Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation (CPAM)?

A

-fetal or neonatal lobectomy

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13
Q

What is a Pulmonary Sequestration?

A

non-functioning lung tissue that forms as an aberrant accessory “lung bud”

(can be intralobar or extralobar)

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14
Q

Where is the most common location for a Pulmonary Sequestration?

A

-left lower lobe

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a Pulmonary Sequestration?

A
  • lack of connection to the tracheobronchial tree

- independent systemic arterial supply

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of an Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration (ILS)?

A
  • more likely to hide from detection than extralobar

- susceptible to infection and abscess formation

17
Q

What are the characteristics of an Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestration (ELS)?

A
  • presents at birth w/ other congenital anomalies

- independent vessels, airway, AND pleura

18
Q

What is the main difference between a CPAM and a Pulmonary Sequestration?

A
  • CPAM’s are connected to the tracheobronchial tree

- pulmonary sequestrations obtain their own airway and vasculature

19
Q

How will Pulmonary Edema show up on an H and E stain?

A
  • -pink material (interstitial fluid) in the alveolar spaces
  • -dilated capillaries full of RBC’s
  • -hemosiderin-laden macrophages
20
Q

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

A

–left-sided heart failure

21
Q

What are some causes of pulmonary edema, other than left-sided heart failure (the most common cause)?

A
  • pulmonary vv. obstruction
  • hypoalbuminemia or liver disease
  • bacterial PNA or sepsis
  • smoke inhalation
  • high altitude
22
Q

What are the four qualifications that must be met for a diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

A
  • abrupt onset of symptoms
  • PO2/FiO2 < 200 (hypoxemia)
  • b/L infiltrates
  • r/o cardiac cause
23
Q

In Diffuse Alveolar Damage, what are the components of a hyaline membrane?

A
  • edema
  • fibrin
  • cell debris
24
Q

What are the stage of progression of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

1) exudative (edema, hyaline membranes, neutrophils)
2) proliferative (fibroblasts, PNA, early fibrosis)
3) fibrotic (extensive fibrosis and loss of alveolar architecture which are irreversible) … or sometimes resolution occurs where normal structure and fxn are restored

25
Q

What are the criteria for Diffuse Alveolar Damage to be diagnosed?

A
  • hyaline membranes
  • interstitial edema
  • epithelial necrosis
26
Q

What is the difference in how ARDS is diagnosed versus how Diffuse Alveolar Damage is diagnosed?

A
  • ARDS is a clinical diagnosis

- Diffuse Alveolar Damage is a pathologic diagnosis

CPR 2 Pulm Section (9 decks)

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