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BIOL465 - Principles of Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Consumption of O2 and production of CO2 by cells

A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

Movement of air into and out of lungs

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

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3
Q

Transport of deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood to heart

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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4
Q

4 functions of conducting zone

A
  1. Provides low-resistance pathway for airflow
  2. Defends against microbes, toxins, and foreign matter
  3. Warms and moistens air
  4. Participates in sound production
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5
Q

Pressure relation for inspiration

A

P(alv) < P(atm)

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6
Q

Pressure relation for expiration

A

P(alv) > P(atm)

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7
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Reduces cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface

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8
Q

What are the two major determinants of lung compliance?

A
  1. Stretchability/thickness of lung tissues
  2. The surface tension of water molecules coating inner alveolar surfaces
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9
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of airway smooth muscles causes:

A

Bronchoconstriction

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10
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of airway smooth muscle causes:

A

Bronchodilation

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system cause?

A

Fight or flight response

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system cause?

A

Calms systems to allow for rest and repair

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13
Q

Tidal Volume (V[T])

A

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

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14
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Volume of air that can be inspired over and above the resting tidal volume

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15
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Volume of air that can be expired after a normal expiration

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16
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. Can be estimated as 25% of the vital capacity.

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17
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximum volume that can be inspired after a normal expiration. IC = V[T] +IRV

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18
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Maximum volume that can be expired after a maximal inspiration. VC = V[T] + IRV + ERV

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19
Q

Functional Reserve Capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration. FRC = ERV + RV

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20
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Volume of the lungs when fully inflated. TLC = VC + RV = 1.25 * VC

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21
Q

Respiratory rate (f)

A

Number of breaths per minute

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22
Q

Minute ventilation (V[E])

A

Total volume of air expired per minute. V[E] = V[T] * f

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23
Q

Dead space (V[D])

A

Volume of air in each breath that is not available for gas exchange. Estimated as twice the body weight in kgs.

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24
Q

Alveolar ventilation (V[A])

Study These Flashcards
A

Volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute. V[A] = (V[T] - V[D]) * f

25
Forced expired volume in one second (FEV[i])
Measure of respiratory air flow during expiration
26
Normal Partial Pressure of Air
O2 = 160 mmHg CO2 = 0.3 mmHg
27
Normal Alveolar Pressures
O2 = 105 mmHg CO2 = 40 mmHg
28
Normal Gas Pressures of Oxygenated Blood
O2 = 100 mmHg CO2 = 40 mmHg
29
Normal Gas Pressures of Deoxygenated Blood
O2 = 40 mmHg CO2 = 46 mmHg
30
Normal Gas Pressures of Cells
O2 < 40 mmHg CO2 > 46 mmHg
31
How many molecules of O2 can one hemoglobin carry?
Hemoglobin can carry one O2 molecule on each heme group, so 4
32
How does DPG affect hemoglobin O2 affinity
Increasing DPG concentration results in decreased O2 affinity
33
What is the purpose of DPG
Increase offloading of O2 from blood to tissues
34
How does PCO2 affect hemoglobin O2 affinity
Increasing PCO2 decreases O2 affinity
35
How does proton concentration affect hemoglobin O2 affinity
INcreasing proton concentration decreases O2 affinity
36
How does temperature affect hemoglobin O2 affinity
Increasing temperature decreases O2 affinity
37
Why is decreased Hb O2 affinity around metabolically active tissue helpful
Increases in PCO2, proton concentration, and temperature all cause Hb to offload O2 to the metabolically active tissue
38
How does altered Hb structure affect O2 affinity?
CO alters the tertiary and quaternary structure of Hb, causing tighter binding to O2 and reduced delivery to tissues
39
How is fetal Hb different from adult Hb?
Fetal Hb contains different subunits that have higher O2 affinity
40
Why does fetal Hb have higher O2 affinity
Fetal arterial PO2 is lower than air-breathing newborns, so the higher O2 affinity ensures adequate oxygen delivery to tissues
41
Bohr effect
Oxygen binding affinity is inversely related to acidity and carbon dioxide concentration
42
Haldane effect
Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide
43
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level
44
Anemic/carbon monoxide hypoxia
The arterial PO2 is normal but the total oxygen content of the blood is decreased because of inadequate numbers of erythrocytes, deficient or abnormal hemoglobin, or competition for the hemoglobin molecule by carbon monoxide
45
Ischemic hypoxia
Blood flow to the tissues is too low
46
Histotoxic hypoxia
The body's cells are unable to use O2 because a toxic agent has interfered with the cell's metabolic machinery (Ex: cyanide)
47
Hypoxemic hypoxia (hypoxemia)
Reduced arterial PO2 (can be caused by lack of oxygenated air, pulmonary problems, lack of ventilation-perfusion matching)
48
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than O2, so 10% is dissolved in the plasma 20-30% reversibly binds to the amino groups of Hb and forms carbaminohemoglobin 60-65% is converted to HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase (produces H+)
49
How does PO2 affect breathing control
low arterial PO2 increases peripheral chemoreceptor firing, causing increased firing of respiratory motor neurons, inspiratory muscle contraction, and ventilation
50
How does PCO2 affect breathing control
Increased proton concentration increases firing of peripheral and central chemoreceptors, firing of respiratory motor neurons, inspiratory muscle contractions, and ventilation
51
How does metabolic proton production affect breathing control
Increased proton concentration increases firing of peripheral chemoreceptors, firing of respiratory motor neurons, inspiratory muscle contractions, and ventilation
52
What are the factors that stimulate breathing
1. Carbon dioxide (higher arterial PCO2) 2. Acidosis (higher proton concentration, lower pH) 3. Hypoxia (lower arterial PO2) 4. Stress (activation of sympathetic nervous system 5. Exercise
53
Cystic fibrosis
Mutant chloride ion channels don't work, mucus in lungs is too thick to be moved by cilia
54
Pneumothorax
collapse of a lung due to puncture of the intrapleural space
55
Asthma
Reversible obstruction of airways characterized by bronchoconstriction, excess mucus production, and inflammation.
56
Pulmonary fibrosis
Lung tissue thickens, causing a decrease in lung compliance
57
Respiratory distress syndrome
Caused by lack of surfactant in lungs; lungs collapse and cause difficulty in breathing
58
Emphysema
Loss of elastic tissue and destruction of alveolar walls in lungs. Proteolytic enzymes are released and lungs 'self-destruct'

BIOL465 - Principles of Physiology (3 decks)

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