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Respiratory physiology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Upper respiratory system includes

A 
Nose
Naval cavity 
Sinuses
Pharynx 
Larynx
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2
Q

What are trachea ?

A

Approx 20 horse shoe shaped cartilage
Trachealis muscle lines posterior wall for flexibility
Lined by columnar epithelial cells
Mucous stream upwards to carry debris

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3
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Multi system disease
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Causes mutation in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

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4
Q

Difference between right and left lung?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes

Left has 2

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5
Q

What are lungs lined with?

A

Pleura
Visceral pleura surround lungs
Parietal pleura attached to thoracic cavity
23 airway divisions from trachea to alveoli

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6
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

Thin, flat accounting for wall lining
Microvilli
aid gaseous exchange

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7
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

Thicker and less in number

Secrete surfactant

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8
Q

Surfactant

A

phospholipid and protein mixture
decreases surface tension
prevents alveoli collapsing

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9
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Comprised of:
Squamous epithelial cell lining alveolus
Endothelial cell lining of capillaries
Gap membrane

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10
Q

Blood supply to lungs

A

Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein

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11
Q

Quiet breathing

A

Expiration results from passive recoil of lungs

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12
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

Found between ribs with fibres running downwards

Pull ribs together raising ribs up during inspiration

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13
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Between ribs
Fibres run at right angles to external fibres
Depress rib cage during forced expirations

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14
Q

Boyle’ Law

A

The pressure of gas changes inversely with a change in volume
increased vol = decreased pressure

Pressure = 1 / volume

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15
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Variations will alter the amount of inspired oxygen available

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16
Q

Intra alveolar pressure

A

Pressure within alveoli

For air to flow in, pressure gradient must exist between atmosphere and alveoli

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17
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within pleural sac, usually less than atmospheric

Caused by recoil of lungs pulling on parietal pleura

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18
Q

Interpleural pressure

A

Elastic fibres try to collapse lung
parietal pleura pulled away from visceral
increased volume so decreased pressure
fluid bonds prevent total recoil

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19
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Completely mechanical process dependent on volume change occurring in thoracic cavity

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20
Q

Mechanism of breathing

A

Air flows from region of high pressure to low pressure

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21
Q

Factors affecting ventilation

A

Gas flow - the ease which the lungs can be expanded
Lung compliance
Lung elasticity

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22
Q

Work of breathing

A

About 3% of total energy expenditure (100kcal per day)

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23
Q

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

A

caused by smoking

Includes bronchitis, emphysema

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24
Q

Bronchitis

Study These Flashcards
A

Chronic cough

low PaO2 promotes desaturation

25
Emphysema
Prolonged expiration | Weight loss
26
Asthma
Characterised by intermittent periods of reversible airway obstruction leading to air flow problems
27
Type 1 hypersensitivity
allergen binds to IgE on surface of mast cells | Degranulation
28
Total lung capacity | 70kg adult male
6L
29
Functional residual capacity
3L
30
Inspiratory capacity
3L
31
Residual volume
1.5L
32
Expiratory reserve volume
1.5L
33
Tidal volume
0.5L
34
Inspiratory reserve volume
2.5L
35
Minute volume
= VT x BR
36
Hypoventilation
inadequate removal of CO2 = acidosis
37
Hyperventilation
Excessive removal of CO2 = alkalosis
38
FVC
Forced vital capacity
39
FEV1.0
Forced expiratory volume
40
FER
Forced expiratory ratio
41
PEFR
Peak expiratory flow rate
42
Henry's Law
The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
43
Factors that affect rate of diffusion
``` V = volume of gas diffusing through membrane A = surface area of respiratory membrane D = diffusion coefficient of the gas T = thickness of membrane P1-P2 = partial pressure difference of the gas across the membrane ``` V = ( A x D x (P1-P2) ) / T
44
Partial pressure
pressure of a component of a gas mixture in air
45
Gas movement
Gas moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
46
Hb increases carrying capacity of blood by how much?
70 X
47
Hb composed of
Iron core 4 Haem groups each group binds 1 O2 each Hb carries 4 O2
48
Bohr effect
H+ bind to Hb and alter shape, decreasing affinity for O2 Decreased pH leads to decreased saturation curve shifts right CO2 primary cause
49
2,3 diphosphoglycerate
metabolite of CHO metabolism in RBCs Acts as inhibitor, binds to Haem Foetal Hb has poor binding of 2,3 DPG hence greater affinity for O2
50
Foetal Hb causes curve to shift...
right
51
Myoglobin
Only binds 1 O2 | Higher affinity for O2 so only releases it at very low PO2
52
What controls breathing?
Medulla and Pons
53
What fine tunes inspiration ?
Pneumotaxix centre
54
What fine tunes expiration?
Apneustic centre
55
Medulla oblongata has 2 centres
Dorsal respiratory group: controls diaphragm and external muscles Quiet breathing Ventral respiratory group Controls accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles Forced breathing
56
Respiratory reflexes brought about by:
Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors
57
Central Chemoreceptors
monitor composition of CSF respond to rude in [H+] and PCO2 stimulation increases depth and rate of respiration
58
Baroreceptors
Afferent fibres stimulated by a rise in BP fall in BP = increased ventilation rise in BP = decreased ventilation
59
Hering Breuer reflexes
Inflation reflex overexpansion of lungs stimulates stretch receptors in bronchioles DRG inhibited, VRG stimulated Active exhalation Deflation reflex stimulated by decreased alveolar vol VRG inhibited, DRG stimulated Inhibition of expiration

Physiology (13 decks)

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