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BRS Physio > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Volume of air inspired or expired with each NORMAL breath

A

Tidal Volume

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2
Q

Volume that can be inspired above the tidal volume (used with exercise)

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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3
Q

volume that can be exhaled after expiration of tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume

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4
Q

volume in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

residual volume (not measured with spirometry)

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5
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

volume of conducting airways, ~150mL

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6
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

A

volume of lungs that doesn’t participate in gas exchange
Vd = Vt*[(PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2]
Vt is tidal volume
PaCO2 is pCO2 of alveolar gas or arterial blood
PeCO2 is pCO2 of expired air

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7
Q

Minute ventilation

A

tidal volume * breaths/min

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8
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal vol - dead space) - breaths/min

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9
Q

volume remaining in lungs after tidal volume expiration

A

functional residual capacity (not measured by spirometry)

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10
Q

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration

A

forced vital capacity

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11
Q

volume of air that can be expired in the 1st second of forced max expiration

A

FEV1, normal 80% of FVC

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12
Q

FEV1/FVC in obstructive lung disease

A

FEV1 is reduced more than FVC so it is DECREASED

ex. asthma

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13
Q

FEV1/FVC in restrictive lung disease

A

FEV1 and FVC are reduced so it is NORMAL or INCREASED

ex. fibrosis

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14
Q

external intercostals and accessory muscles

A

used during exercise and respiratory distress for inspiration

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15
Q

Abdominal muscle and internal intercostals

A

expiratory muscles in exercise or airway resistance like asthma

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16
Q

the distensibility of the lungs and chest wall, is inversely related to elastance

A

compliance of respiratory system

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17
Q

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

A

transmural pressure of lung

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18
Q

hysteresis

A

inflation of a lung follows a different curve than deflation

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19
Q

At FRC, collapsing force of chest wall and expanding force of lung pressures are:

A

equal and opposite, thus the lung-chest wall system neither wants to collapse or expand

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20
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air is introduced into the intrapleural space, intrapleural pressure becomes equal with atmospheric pressure and lung collapses while chest wall expands

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21
Q

disease with increased lung compliance and lungs expand

A

emphysema, higher FRC

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22
Q

disease where lung compliance is decreased and tendency for lungs to collapse is increased

A

fibrosis, lower FRC

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23
Q

small alveoli

A

high colapsing pressures, need higher amounts of surfactant

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24
Q

LaPlace Law on Alveoli

A

P = (2T)/r
P is collapsing pressure (pressure to alveoli open)
T is surface tension
r is radius

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25
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
main component of surfactant used to reduce surface tension, increases compliance, esp in small alveoli starts being produced at week 24
26
Major site of airway resistance
medium-sized bronchi (not small airways because of parallel arrangement)
27
At rest before inspiration begins - alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure - Lung Volume
Alveolar pressure - atm pressure, said to be zero intrapleural pressure is negative lung volume is FRC
28
During Inspiration - alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure - Lung Volume
As lung lung increases, alveolar pressure will decrease to less than atm pressure (negative) allowing air to enter intrapleural pressure becomes more negative lung volume FRC + TV
29
During expiration - alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure - Lung Volume
alveolar pressure greater than atm pressure (more positive) so air flows out of lungs intrapleural pressure is returns to normal (negative) unless it is forced expiration then it is (+) to squeeze out air lung volume returns to FRC
30
pursed lips
COPD, to prevent airway collapse
31
decreased FEV1/FVC
COPD and asthma, also have increased FRC
32
pink puffers
emphysema, have mild hypoxemia and normocapnia | air trapping so barrel chested
33
blue bloaters
primarily bronchitis, severe hypoxemia with cyanosis, can't maintain alveolar ventilation so hypercapnia
34
decrease lung compliance in which inspiration is impaired
fibrosis, a restrictive lung disease | FEV1/FVC is normal or increased
35
dry inspired air partial pressure of O2
160mmHg
36
humidified inspired air partial pressure of O2
150mmHg this is because partial pressure of H2O is 47mmHg so 760-47 = 713mmHg 713mmHg*0.21 = 150mmHg
37
Ferrous state
Fe2+ binds oxygen
38
Ferric State
Methemoglobin, Fe3+, doesn't bind O2
39
O2 affinity to fetal Hb
higher than adult. left shift | allows fetus to take mother's oxygen
40
pO2 of 100mmHg (arterial blood)
Hb is 100% saturated, O2 is bound to all 4 heme groups
41
pO2 40mmHg (mixed venous blood)
Hb is 75% saturated, O2 is bound to 3 of 4 heme groups
42
pO2 25mmHg
Hb is 50% saturated, O2 is bound to 2 of 4 heme groups
43
Positive cooperativity
change of affinity of Hb as each successive O2 binds to heme site, affinity for 4th O2 molecule is highest
44
Right shift of Hb-O2 curve
affinity for oxygen is decrease, P50 is increased increase in pCO2 or decreases in pH (during exercise) increase in temperature (durin exercise) increase in 2,3-DPG
45
living at a high altitude
increase in 2,3-DPG as adaptation to chronic hypoxemia | Right shift of Hb-O2 curve
46
Left shift of Hb-O2 curve
affinity for oxygen is increase, P50 is decreased decreased pCO2, increased pH, decreased temperature, decreased 2,3-DPG (esp HbF) CO poisoning
47
A-a gradient
difference between alveolar (A) and arterial (a) pO2 | normal is <10mmHg
48
Causes of increased A-a gradient (>10mmHg)
diffusion defect like fibrosis, V/Q defect, right-to-left shint
49
decreased O2 delivery to the tissues
hypoxia
50
major form of CO2 in the blood
HCO3-
51
Pulmonary blood flow when patient is supine
nearly uniform throughout lung
52
Pulmonary blood flow if standing
lowest at apex and highest at base
53
Zone 1 of lung (apex)
Alveolar pressure > arterial pressure > venous pressure | high alveolar pressure may compress capillaries and decrease blood flow
54
Zone 2 of lung (middle)
arterial pressure > alveolar pressure> venous pressure | blood flow is driven by difference between arterial pressure and alveolar pressure
55
Zone 3 of lung (base)
arterial pressure> venous pressure > alveolar pressure | blood flow is driven by difference between arterial pressure and venous pressure
56
hypoxia in lungs
vasoconstriction to get blood to more oxygenated areas of the lung
57
fetal respiratory resistance
high from generalized hypoxemia until first breath
58
Right-to-left shunt
tetralogy of Fallot decrease in arterial pO2 admixture of venous blood with arterial blood
59
Left-to-right shunt
patent ductus arteriosis | pO2 will be elevated on right side of heart because mixture of arterial blood with venous blood
60
V/Q ratio
ventilation/perfusion, ~0.8 arterial pO2 is 100mmHg arterial pCO2 is 40mmHg
61
V/Q at apex of lung
higher V/Q, pO2 is highest and pCO2 is lowest because more gas exchange blood flow loest, ventilation lower
62
V/Q at base of lung
lower V/Q, pO2 is lowest and pCO2 is highest because there is less gas exchange bloof flow highest, higher ventilation
63
Shunt
Airway blocked, blood flow is normal V/Q is zero increased A-a gradient
64
Dead Space
Blood flow is blocked, ventilation is normal V/Q is infinite Ex. pulmonary embolism
65
Input to dorsal respiratory group
vagus - from peropheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in lung glossopharyngeal - from peripheral chemoreceptors
66
Output from dorsal respiratory group
via phrenic nerve t othe diaphragm
67
primarily responsible for inspiration and generates the basic rhythm for breathing
Dorsal respiratory group
68
Primarily responsible for expiration
ventral respiratory group, not active in normal or quiet breathing
69
stimulates inspiration, produces a deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp
Apneustic center in LOWER pons
70
inhibits inspiration, regulates inspiratory colume and respiratory rate
pneumotaxic center in UPPER pons
71
breathing under voluntary control
cerebral cortex
72
Central chemoreceptors in the medulla
sensitive to pH decrease in pH of the CSF produces hyperventilation CO2 crosses BBB, combines with H2O and makes H+ and HCO3 in CSF
73
Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
pO2 <60mmHg will cause an increase in breathing rate | pCO2 can increase breathing and increases in arterial H+
74
Hering-Breuer Reflex
Lung stretch receptors in smooth muscle of airways, stimulated by distention of lungs to decrease breathing frequency
75
J receptors
juxtacapillary receptors, located in alveolar walls close to capillaries engorgement of pulmonary capillaries, like in left heart failure, stimulates the J receptors, cause rapid, shallow breathing
76
joint and muscle receptors
activated during movement of the limbs | involved in the early stimulation of breathing during exercise
77
Exercise and ventilatory rate
during exercise, there is an increase in ventilatory rate that matches the increase in O2 consumption and CO2 production by the body.
78
changes in pO2 and pCO2 during exercise
mean values for pO2 and pCO2 do not change during exercise
79
Adaptation to high altitudes
alveolar pO2 is decreased hypoxemia stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors (hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis) increase erythropoietin, increase 2,3-DPG, pulmonary vasoconstriction
80
Snack that smiles back
Goldfish

BRS Physio (7 decks)

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