Respiratory, Sepsis and Anaphylaxis Flashcards
(44 cards)
Describe some signs and symptoms that someone may be demonstrate when short of breath
- Tripoding
- Increased WoB
- Cyanosis
- Dizziness
- Confusion
- Wheezing
- Excessive use of extra muscles
- Flared nostrils
When observing a patients breathing descibe the two types of breathing you may see and what they mean
- Kussmaul - laboured deep rapid breathing usually when someone is in metabloic acidosis (DKA, encephalitis, toxic ingestion
- Cheyne Stokes - abnormal pattern that alterantes between deep and shalow wiith intermittent pauses (heart disease, neurological issues, acid base disturbance)
Asthma is a immune reaction in response to an allergen. It can cause…
- Narrowing of airways
- Bronchospasm (narrowing of bronchi muscles)
- Bronchoconstriction (smooth muscle contracts restricting oxygen that reaches lungs)
- bronchiole oedema (fluid build up in bronchi)
- Mucous production
Risk Factors of asthma
- Women
- Childhood respiratory infections
- Smoke
- Irritants (pollen, dust)
- Obesity
- Allergens
Asthma varies in severity, as as result we offer different drugs depending
- Oxygen titrated to effect
- Nebuliser salbutamol 5mg in 5ml with 6-8l O2
- Prednisolone 40mg
- Ipratropium bromide 500mg in 2ml with 6-8l O2
- IV Magnesium 1.2g (6ml)
- Hydrocortisone 100mg in 1ml slow IV
- Adrenaline 1mg in 1ml (1:1000)
used in a ladder, start from bottom work up
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema sit under an umbrella term known as
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
*smoking
This conditon is when the inner lining of the aveoli get damaged and as a result rupture causing long term breathlessness as the alveoli cannot expand properly
emphysema
Characterised by a narrowing of bronchioles leading to an excess of mucous production and airway obstruction
chronic bronchitis
Exacerbations caused by smoking, pollutants or exercise can cause severe symtoms such as…
- dyspnoea
- wheezing
- DiB
- increased WoB
- tachypnoea
- chest tightness
- cyanosis
- lowered sats (hypoxia)
- increase in sputum
- use of accessory muscles
- confusion
- peripheral oedema
Which condition has simila treatment to asthma?
COPD
(use of nebullisers, bronchodilators, oxygen titrated to COPD levels)
COPD have lower Sp02 levels due to reduced ability to move the oxygen
Condition characterised by a inflammation caused by an infection in one or both lungs (usually bacterial)
Pneumonia
What happens to the alveoli in a pt with pnemonia
they fill with fluid which reduces the surface area leading to less oxygenation
The type of pneumonia usually caused by staphylococcus pneumoniae and is found in 1 or more of the lobes. It leads to the increased production of inflammatory exudate in alveoli
*most common type (especially in YA)
Lobar Pnuemonia
The condition when an infection spreads from the bronchi to bronchioles to the alveoli, causing inflammation. fibrous * exudate accumulates causing an influx of leukocytes (WBC)
*fluid that leaks out of blood cells into tissues
Bronchopnuemonia
*death is common esp with co-morbidities (CVA, Lung disease, cancer)
- Hypoxia
- Bi-basal crackles
- Reduced breath sounds
- SOB/DIB
- Productive cough
- Fever
- Chest pain
- Dull percussion in basal area
Are all signs/symtpoms of…
Pneumonia
Pnemonia: Risk factors
- Older age >65
- Smoking
- Chronic disease (HF, T1/2DM, renal)
- Respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, Cysytic fibrosis)
- Immunocompromised
- Hospitalisation
- Flu
- Drug/alcohol abuse
Describe pneumonia pathway
Correct ABCD
Pain relief if req
Point system: 0-4 points
* confusion +1
* resp rate +1
* bp +1
* age>65 +1
0-1 = consider community referral
2 = consider inpatient treatmnet of community referral
3-4 = 14-27.8% 30day mortality, Consider inpatient/ITU involvement
Chronic condition that causes an abnormally thick mucus, which impacts the lungs, digestive system and other organs. This build up can overtime cause organ damage and function loss. It is an inherited by the child if both parents carry the genes.
Cyctic Fibrosis
“The inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrition to the tissues” is known as…
shock
*imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
Name the 5 types of shock
- Cardiogenic
- Hypovolaemic
Distributive: - Neutrogenic
- Anaphylactic
- Septic
How is blood pressure maintained?
CO = SV X HR
BP = SV X HR X TPR
BP = CO X TPR
Compensation factors of sepsis
- Hypotension - reduced CO & blood vol
- Tachycardia/weak pulse - HR increases to increase CO
- Increased RR - Lactic acid production causes by anaerobic resps causes a fall in blood ph (Blood = acidic)
- Pallor - Peripheral vasoconstriction, sympatheic activity. Blood flow is diverted to major organs
- Cyanosis - Poor oxygenation of blood and peripheral vasoconstriction
- Oliguria - Renin, angiotensin, aldosterone response initiated by reduced renal perfusion: reabsorption of fluid to increase bp.
- Altered consciousness, restlessness, confusion - Lack of O2 affects cognitive function
Clinical features of sepsis
- pallor
- cyanosis
- diaphoresis
- elevated HR
- altered/loss of consciousness
- pain
- SOB/DIB
